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学长撕开我的乳罩慢慢揉捏小说:寻找属于你的甜蜜瞬间,畅游浪漫之旅的必备指南

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学长撕开我的乳罩慢慢揉捏小说:寻找属于你的甜蜜瞬间,畅游浪漫之旅的必备指南各观看免费《今日汇总》《今日发布》
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  大约每5人中,就有一个人,在一生中的某个时候会符合抑郁症的诊断标准。抑郁症虽然高发,但却很容易被误解。一想到抑郁症,人们往往想到的是情绪低落。在唐代著名大诗人白居易写的《与元九书》一文中,曾经提到过“彷徨抑郁”。此处抑郁确实对应着情绪低落这个意思。然而,除了情绪体验外,抑郁症的症状还包括认知、行为和躯体症状。

  作为一种常见的“心理”疾患,抑郁症确实有“躯体”表现,而且还不罕见。

  精神病学家布洛伊勒注意到这种情况,在1943年就曾经提到“存在特定躯体症状的抑郁症患者可能会到全科、内科、外科、妇科、眼科、泌尿科或者其他科室看病,跟医生详谈自己的这种躯体症状的情况,却闭口不提他们的抑郁情绪”。躯体症状泛指让抑郁症患者感到不适或者引发担忧的躯体问题,且这种状况难以通过实验室结果解释或者缺乏器质性病变背景。

  抑郁症的躯体症状既可能局限在身体某个部位或者特定器官(如头痛、耳鸣),也可能是全身性的(如容易疲倦、体重减轻)。常见的躯体症状可能会出现在呼吸系统(如呼吸急促、胸闷)、泌尿系统(如尿频和尿急)、消化系统(如便秘、腹胀、腹泻),以及各种疼痛等。

  大约2/3的抑郁症患者最先求医的原因是躯体症状。上海交通大学方贻儒团队曾考察了我国3273名抑郁症患者的躯体症状,发现有64.6%的人存在失眠,38.5%的人存在体重减轻,37.6%的人存在食欲不振,31.3%的人存在循环系统不适,31.3%的人存在头痛,31.0%的人存在性欲减退的状况。此外,这些患者中存在胃肠道和呼吸系统状况的比例一样,都是29.6%。

  睡眠紊乱往往是抑郁症患者向医生求助的第一个症状。大多数人会抱怨自己睡眠的时间变少,睡眠质量变差。此外,有少部分抑郁症患者也会出现睡眠时间变长的情况,尤其是在白天。

  睡眠也是预测抑郁症是否会复发的一个重要的风险因子。在当今快节奏的生活中,许多人在工作日都不太可能有足够的睡眠,这不仅可能造成效率降低,增加情绪波动的可能性,甚至会导致抑郁症状。那么周末“集中”补觉,能否帮助人们应对抑郁呢?有一项近期发表的分析文章结果表明,周末适当补觉(2小时以内)确实对预防抑郁有益;但若周末补觉时间大于2小时,益处就不那么明显。

  一些抑郁症患者会出现食欲降低和体重变轻这两种相互关联的躯体症状。但另一些抑郁症患者可能出现食欲增强和体重增加的状况。笔者推测一种可能的原因是节食的流行,节食的人在心情低落的时候,往往会诉诸食物来安抚自己的情绪。这会出现进食量变大,相应地会出现体重增加。

  抑郁症患者容易疲惫、缺乏精力,常常觉得“累”。然而,这种累和他们需要完成的工作量是不匹配的。对一些抑郁严重的患者而言,完成穿衣和洗漱这类事都会出现困难。一些重度抑郁症患者自杀风险最高的时候并不是他们症状最严重的时候——因为在症状最严重的时候,他们甚至没有精力完成自杀计划。恰恰是在他们开始康复的时候,自杀风险最高。

  抑郁症患者的累和普通人工作一天之后的疲乏不同。疲乏通过休息可以缓解,而抑郁症患者的累难以通过休息缓解。

  有意思的是,中国人比欧美国家的人,更倾向于报告躯体症状。一个原因是在我们的文化中,躯体症状被视作难以控制的“疾病”,个人对之进行“调节”或者“管理”的余地很有限,因此和谈论情绪问题或者认知问题相比,谈论躯体症状的病耻感也低得多。大多数人对于躯体症状的接受程度也比对情绪问题的接受程度高得多。想想两个请假的理由:“我今天浑身疼得厉害,想要请一天假”和“今天我心情极度低落,想要请假一天”,虽然二者都可能是抑郁症的症状,但是换作是您,更愿意用哪句话去请假?使用哪句话请假被批准的可能性会高一些?

  抑郁症患者的躯体症状往往和更差的预后联系在一起,比如更长的病程。原因可能有三方面:

  第一,出现躯体症状的患者中,更可能同时患有其他精神疾患,如抑郁症的不少躯体症状,在焦虑症患者中也常见。

  第二,躯体症状容易诱发其他症状。如严重的疼痛很可能会限制个体的活动性,这又会阻碍个体与他人进行交往或者对环境做出有益探索,从而导致社交退缩,并难以产生愉快体验。而社交退缩和愉快体验的缺失,都是抑郁的典型症状。

  第三,躯体症状很可能导致抑郁的漏诊或者误诊。一个以浑身疼痛为主诉的患者,很可能因为躯体症状到综合医院就诊,而综合医院的医生更可能往躯体疾病的方向进行诊治,从而导致误诊、漏诊或者延误治疗。这种情况早些年非常常见。

  学者张艳萍等对这个问题展开过研究,其团队于2003-2004年,在北京的50家综合医院招募了2877名患者,让他们填写抑郁测评问卷,并且请精神科医生对得分最高的10%的患者进行诊断,结果发现,有73名符合抑郁症诊断。然而,这73人中,仅有10例之前被诊断为抑郁症。

  需要注意,当个体出现这些症状,并不一定指向抑郁。焦虑和躯体形式障碍中也常见躯体症状。还有时候,可能真是躯体某些部位出现了问题,不一定就是抑郁症。另外,抑郁的症状不仅会出现在抑郁症患者身上,也会出现在普通人身上,可能程度轻一些。并不是一出现抑郁的症状,就一定是抑郁症。每个人的生命中,多多少少,长长短短,都会体验到一些抑郁的症状。这大概就是生活。

  (作者供职于中国科学院心理研究所,系心理学博士、研究员、二级心理咨询师)

  王葵 来源:中国青年报

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