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我大学三年的黑道生涯|在教育行业中的应用前景
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贝壳授予彭永东限制性股份,最直接的原因是为了保证公司的上市合规性。

贝壳2023年年报显示,贝壳董事会主席彭永东2023年“薪酬”由福利津贴、绩效奖金、股份支付薪酬、退休金计划等部分组成,合计达到7亿元多,其中除现金以外的股权部分支付占比98%。

那么,这“天价薪酬”到底缘何而来,是不是大家都“误解”了其中的用意?有必要从公司股权架构、上市合规和薪酬结构的视角出发,谈谈其背后的逻辑。

A股与港股薪酬情况披露差异造成误读

贝壳高管薪酬备受关注,很大程度上是因为大众对A股与港股薪酬披露规则的差异缺乏了解。

中国证券业协会投资银行业专业委员会委员、“荣正集团”创始人、董事长兼首席合伙人郑培敏表示,在A股市场,薪酬披露主要遵循有关部门颁布的年度报告的内容与格式指引。按照这一准则,A股上市公司所披露的高管薪酬,通常仅涵盖基本工资、绩效奖金这类现金收入。准则特意要求“将获得的股权激励按照可行权股数、已行权数量、行权价以及报告期末市价单独列示”,这表明股权激励部分并不被纳入A股年报所呈现的高管年薪之中。所以,大众在A股公司年报里看到的高管薪酬,并非高管从公司获取的全部经济收益。

《中国企业家价值报告》(俗称“白皮书”)多年来持续追踪A股薪酬披露情况。从其历年报告数据可知,A股高管现金薪酬水平与港股披露值存在比较显著差距,这正是源于二者披露规则的不同。在A股仅聚焦现金薪酬披露时,港股已将股份支付薪酬纳入披露范畴。

反观港股市场,其披露规则与A股截然不同。港股上市公司披露的高管薪酬,包含薪金及奖金,还有容易引发误解的股份支付薪酬。这里要明确的是,股份支付薪酬并不是公司实际的现金支出,但却会在薪酬披露中有所体现。“股份支付费用”常常被外界错误地当作高管实际到手的现金收入。实际上,“股份支付”只是一个会计上的处理。

郑培敏介绍道,在港股资本市场环境下,向核心高管授予股份支付薪酬,是诸多企业维持股权架构稳定、促进市值提升的有效手段。从实际操作以及行业通行做法来看,相关的薪酬安排是综合权衡企业发展需求、资本市场规则等多方面因素后确定的,不应该单纯地误解为“天价薪酬”。

贝壳高管被授予限制性股份,为满足上市合规要求

美国《外国公司问责法》的出台,让中概股公司面临强制退市的风险,回归香港上市是很多中概股公司包括贝壳的选择,而2021年左晖离世让贝壳在治理结构上面临重大挑战,股权架构的平稳过渡是接棒和传承的必选题。

贝壳采用的“同股不同权”(WVR)架构,已成为全球创新类企业优选的公司治理模式。

WVR架构,又称双重股权结构或者AB股结构,指同样的股票份额,但拥有不一样的投票权。通常情况下,这种结构将普通股股票按照投票权的比例划分成A股、B股两种股票:A类股票一般按照“一股一票”来设置投票权,向外部投资人公开发行;而B类股票相对于A类股票来说会拥有更多的投票权,一般由管理层持有。

WVR架构的核心价值在于通过集中决策控制权换取长期战略自由和平稳的公司治理,核心管理者和团队可以坚持长期愿景,抵御激进投资者压力,避免因短期业绩压力妥协,平衡资本短期利益与企业战略稳定性。

如果贝壳不采用“同股不同权”架构,控股股东的投票权会骤降40%以上,极大程度折损市场信心、影响公司长期发展。

2022年5月贝壳香港上市时,根据联交所的上市规则,具有同股不同权(WVR)架构的公司,WVR持有人(即超级投票权持有人)的股份所对应的经济利益占比不得低于10%。

贝壳具有此架构,且上市前超级投票权持有人之一贝壳董事会主席、首席执行官及控股股东彭永东持有的权益相对较低。因此,公司需要向彭永东授予限制性股份、使其获得超级投票权,才能满足WVR的要求。

在联交所批准的前提下,公司向彭永东授予限制性股票。根据公司最新的2024年报,这些股票也并没有解禁。

贝壳2024年年报显示,截至2024年12月31日,贝壳有约36.22亿股普通股,其中包括约34.78亿股A类普通股;及约1.44亿股B类普通股。彭永东持有A类普通股0.81亿股、B类普通股1.00亿股,占已发行股本的5.0%,占投票权约22.1%。

控股股东的稳定性,是投资人更关注的视角

“投资=投人”,这在投资圈是大家公认的一个说法。其实,还有后半句等式——“投人=投股权”,因为一个公司的股权架构,不仅体现了创始人的格局,也与公司战略决策、生产经营有着密不可分的关系。

试想,如果你买了一家公司的股票,你会希望前几大股东是“诸侯割据”,谁也决策不了;还是希望有一个“定海神针”,能够带领公司向好发展的同时,也能抵御外部“野蛮人”的虎视眈眈?

管理层极低持股,不利于公司可持续发展,将带来一系列负面影响,包括对公司经营决策没有掌控力,威胁公司战略独立性,或为达成短期KPI而做出短视决策,与股东利益不一致,威胁股东长期利益等,或存在在二级市场被恶意收购的风险。

结合以上来看,贝壳授予彭永东限制性股份,最直接的原因是为了保证公司的上市合规性。从结果层面来看,同股不同权架构可以让管理团队在持股较少情况下,继续拥有对公司的经营决策权,确保公司股权结构的稳定性,进而实现团队长期稳定、企业健康有序发展。

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