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  转自:北京商报

  4月21日,我国个人养老金制度出炉满三周年。三年间,个人养老金保险产品从无到有,从试点到全国推广,逐步成为多层次养老保障体系的重要拼图。北京商报记者梳理发现,自个人养老金制度试点以来,个人养老金保险产品不断扩容,已有29家保险公司推出279款产品方案,目前在售产品达108款。不过,尽管产品数量扩容,个人养老金保险市场规模相较于其他养老保险产品仍相对滞后。

  在业内人士看来,当前,随着个人养老金制度全国推广,个人养老金保险产品迎来更大机遇。下一步,离不开保险机构进一步优化产品设计、调整税制政策、强化市场教育等,以此来实现规模的再扩容。

  类型数量显著扩容

  2022年4月21日,国务院办公厅印发《关于推动个人养老金发展的意见》提出,推动发展适合中国国情、政府政策支持、个人自愿参加、市场化运营的个人养老金。

  个人养老金制度于当年11月25日起正式启动,在北京、上海、广州、西安、成都等36个城市(地区)先行先试。时隔一年,《关于全面实施个人养老金制度的通知》(以下简称《通知》)发布,《通知》明确,自2024年12月15日起,个人养老金制度实施范围扩大到全国。

  从产品结构看,个人养老金保险产品毫无疑问在个人养老金市场中占据着重要地位。个人养老金制度试点启动以来,保险产品在类型和数量上均呈现显著扩容。北京商报记者梳理发现,试点初期仅有6家保险公司的7款产品,而截至目前,市场上推出的个人养老金保险产品已达279款,涉及29家险企,不少大中型保险公司参与其中,更不乏专业养老险公司的身影。

  此外,产品类型从专属商业养老保险、年金险、两全险已拓展至分红型、万能型等新型产品。其中,年金险因提供“终身现金流”的确定性优势成为主流,占比超五成。收益层面,北京商报记者今年初根据已披露结算利率的10款专属商业养老保险梳理发现,稳健型账户2024年结算利率在2%—4.07%区间;进取型账户2024年结算利率在3.1%—4.12%区间。

  在业内人士看来,保险产品作为个人养老金账户的重要配置选项,在丰富产品供给、满足多元化需求方面发挥了关键作用。首都经济贸易大学保险系书记赵明表示,自个人养老金制度试点启动以来,保险产品在类型和数量上均呈现显著扩容,市场参与主体更加多元化。此外,保险机构通过“保证+浮动”收益模式平衡风险与回报,例如专属商业养老保险的稳健账户结算利率可达4%以上,兼具保底收益与增值潜力。整体来看,保险产品在满足长期养老规划需求的同时,逐步形成差异化竞争格局。

  需要关注的是,在现有理财产品、储蓄存款、商业养老保险和公募基金产品基础上,《通知》还规定,将国债、特定养老储蓄、指数基金纳入个人养老金产品范围。与银行储蓄、基金等产品相比,赵明表示,保险产品的核心特点包括长期确定性、风险保障叠加、税收优化等,这些特点使保险产品在安全性、保障性上占据独特优势,但灵活性不足(如资金锁定至退休)仍是其与银行、基金竞争时的短板。

  竞逐“千亿市场”

  个人养老金制度宣布全国推行后,多地发文推动这一制度的实施,针对如何开户、如何缴费、何种情形可以领取等问题进行解答。也有地区在提高个人养老金参保率和缴费水平方面采取了相应举措。

  今年3月10日,河南省人社厅、财政厅等部门发布《全面实施个人养老金制度推动第三支柱养老保险高质量发展实施方案》,支持用人单位积极引导职工参加,鼓励机关事业单位、学校、医院等单位引导职工率先参加。此外,包括保险公司在内的各有关金融机构要结合自身业务特点,充分挖掘业务潜力,加大各类资源投入,线下线上协同推进,合力推动个人养老金制度在该省全面实施落地。

  国金证券研报指出,个人养老金迎全国推广,以人均6000元缴存金额测算,预计个人养老金规模有望达到1563亿元/年。

  “随着个人养老金制度全国推广,保险产品迎来多重机遇。”在赵明看来,一是税收优惠范围扩大至全国劳动者,潜在参保人数激增(开户数已超7279万户);二是低利率环境下,保险产品的保底收益和长期稳定性更受青睐,如专属商业养老保险的稳健账户保底利率普遍高于银行存款;三是政策鼓励产品创新,例如将健康保障、护理服务与养老金融结合,进一步拓宽产品功能。

  不过,需要关注的是,与其他保险产品相比,个人养老金保险市场规模仍相对滞后。以2023年的数据为例,截至2023年末,我国专属商业养老保险保单件数约74万件,积累的养老准备金超过106亿元。不论保单件数还是市场规模,均低于商业养老金等其他商业养老保险产品。

  赵明对记者表示,个人养老金保险产品主要面临的挑战包括,一是产品灵活性不足:长期缴费、提前退出成本高,年轻群体对资金流动性需求较高;二是税制设计局限:现行“EET”模式(领取时征税)对低收入群体不友好,且12000元年度额度偏低;三是销售动力不足:保险公司为让利客户压缩销售费用,导致渠道推广积极性低。

  对于保险机构如何进一步发力个人养老金保险产品市场,赵明对记者表示,一是可以优化产品设计。增加转换、退出机制灵活性,开发短期缴费或可部分领取的产品,吸引年轻客群;二是调整税制政策:探索“TEE”模式(缴费时征税),扩大非纳税群体覆盖,提高缴存额度;三是强化市场教育:通过投顾服务简化产品选择流程,提升消费者对长期收益与保障功能的认知;四是平衡三方利益:适度提高销售激励,结合银行渠道与高客资源推广高件均产品。此外,推动第二、第三支柱账户互通及政策联动,可进一步释放制度红利。

  北京商报记者胡永新

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