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  出品:新浪财经上市公司研究院   

  作者:坤

  2024年以来,机器人公司赴港上市热潮涌动,港股市场作为科技企业融资与国际化布局的优良土壤,吸引了一大批科技公司争先恐后递交上市申请。2023年底,在过去几年中多次计划上市后,“人形机器人第一股”优必选终于登陆港交所。无独有偶,2024年底越疆科技也作为“协作机器人第一股”成功上市,上市后股价连翻数倍。此外,还有仓储机器人赛道的极智嘉科技、服务机器人赛道的云迹科技也在冲刺港股。

  从细分赛道来看,上述公司分别对应的是人形机器人、协作机器人、仓储机器人及服务机器人赛道,已经成为机器人行业的重要增长极,似乎正走到井喷前夜。

  但落实到经营层面,尽管行业的前景广阔,但多数公司却仍然捉襟见肘。不仅部分公司在上市前后出现营收增长放缓,多年来的研发、与营销费用高企也进一步侵蚀了公司的利润空间,让不少公司困于亏损中。更何况,不少机器人公司的部分重要收入来自于海外,甚至依赖少数大客户,在当前的国际政策环境下的风险问题也值得重视。

  由此来看,在这场资本盛宴背后,关于盈利模式的探索、技术迭代与场景落地是否能够大规模商业化、一级市场“断哺”后来自二级市场的资金能否及时“补血”等多种问题仍然未解。

  营收增长明显放缓、3年半累亏近43亿元海外营收占比近80%

  2024年底,极智嘉科技向港交所递交招股书,拟在香港主板挂牌上市,摩根士丹利与中金公司为联席保荐人。而在这之前,2021年5月,极智嘉科技就曾与中金公司签订A股上市辅导协议,并在证监会备案,2024年7月,中金公司还曾公布辅导工作进展情况报告。然而,2024年10月,极智嘉科技却与中金公司终止了辅导协议,A股上市计划并未实际成行。

  身处智能物流赛道,极智嘉曾以全球领先的仓储履约AMR(自主移动机器人)解决方案提供商身份备受瞩目,从一级市场上融资来看,从2015年公司成立以来,极智嘉科技完成了A轮到E轮融资,累计融资金额近30亿元,背后集结了华平投资、纪源资本、蚂蚁集团、粤港澳大湾区科技创新产业投资基金、英特尔等。

  然而,透过其招股书,却能发现实际上极智嘉科技近年来财务状况却不容乐观,持续亏损、流动性压力、客户结构失衡等问题接踵而至,为这家明星企业的未来发展蒙上了一层阴影。

  据招股书显示,2021-2024上半年,极智嘉科技实现营收分别为7.93亿元、15.25亿元、21.76亿元、7.76亿元,尽管营收有所增长,但实际增速却明显放缓,从2022年的92.31%降至2023年的42.66%,而2024上半年仅同比增长1.24%。同期,极智嘉科技的期内亏损分别为10.50亿元、15.67亿元、11.26亿元、5.50亿元,三年半时间累计亏损近43亿元。从亏损幅度来看,还未出现明显的亏损收窄,未来究竟能否跑通盈利模式,仍有待时间检验。

  更何况,从不同地区的收入结构来看,极智嘉科技作为最早期就出海的机器人企业之一,当前海外业务占比很高。2021-2024上半年,极智嘉科技在大陆以外市场实现营收分别为4.52亿元、10.21亿元、16.47亿元、6.16亿元,对应营收占比分别为57.3%、70.3%、76.8%、78.7%,相比之下在大陆市场近年来的规模及增速均相对有限。更何况,报告期间极智嘉科技在大陆以外市场销售AMR解决方案的毛利率分别为38.7%、42.0%、46.4%、40.9%,明显高于大陆地区市场毛利率。但结合当前外界环境政策变化莫测的背景来看,极智嘉科技的出海表现是否会受到影响,未来是否会对公司业绩带来拖累,仍是未知。

  营销“向上”研发“向下”依赖大客户、亟需上市募资“补血”

  一直以来,极智嘉科技高企的各项费用基本吞噬了公司的利润空间。2021-2024上半年,公司的销售及营销开支分别为3.49亿元、4.56亿元、5.09亿元、2.30亿元;行政开支分别为1.73亿元、2.21亿元、2.64亿元、0.88亿元,伴随着公司收入规模的增长,这两项费用支出也增长明显。然而,本该持续加大投入以应对市场竞争的研发支出在近年来却表现不同,分别为3.40亿元、4.37亿元、3.80亿元、1.33亿元,规模有所减少,甚至远不及同期的营销费用,“重营销轻研发”趋势明显,而对于研发的收缩,或可能削弱极智嘉的长期竞争力。

  从行业整体来看,根据灼识咨询的报告,以2023年的收入计,极智嘉科技是全球最大的仓储履约AMR解决方案提供商,拥有最广泛的仓储履约AMR解决方案范围,多种解决方案都是由极智嘉科技作为全球首家公司所提供的。截至2024年6月30日,公司已向全球约40个国家和地区交付了约46000台AMR,近年来订单量也明显提升。

  但与此同时,极智嘉科技也尚未摆脱依赖大客户的问题。据招股书显示,2021-2024年上半年,极智嘉前五大客户产生的收入分别占各期间总收入的30.4%、30.8%、45.3%和55.8%。其中,最大客户的收入占比更是从2021年的8.2%攀升至2024年上半年的18.9%。对于大客户的依赖自然也可能让公司在业务中缺乏主动权,一旦失去任何大客户的订单,公司的经营业绩都将难以避免负面影响。

  此外,尽管在一级市场上极智嘉科技也曾融资拿到手软,但一直以来的亏损也让公司入不敷出,2021-2024上半年,极智嘉科技的经营性现金流持续净流出,分别为-7.24亿元、-6.49亿元、-4.77亿元、-2.82亿元,持续“失血”。截至2024上半年,公司账上资金仅余3.11亿元,亟需上市募资“补血”。

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