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  出品:新浪财经上市公司研究院

  作者:光心

  2025年4月21日,杰华特发布2024年年报,报告期内实现营业收入16.79亿元,同比增长29.46%,实现归母净利润-6.03亿元,亏损较上年走扩,增收不增利状况明显。

  值得注意的是,上市前杰华特营收持续高增,并于2021年实现扭亏为盈,2022年上市当年却增收不增利,之后两年更是遭遇半导体全行业需求疲软困境,陷入亏损,两年合计亏损11亿元。

  业绩承压情形下,杰华特降低股票激励考核标准,并通过抬升杠杆筹措流动性,2023年到2024年两年时间内资产负债率抬升了20个百分点。

  2025年2月,杰华特发布公告,宣布授权管理层启动H股上市的相关筹备工作。公司寻求在港上市能否帮助其化解业绩与财务困境?还需审慎跟踪看待。

  上市当年便增收不增利上市第二年便大额转亏杰华特的研发扩张之路遭到质疑

  杰华特是以虚拟IDM为主要经营模式的模拟集成电路设计企业,主要采用公司自有的国际先进的工艺技术进行芯片设计制造,是工业和信息化部认定的专精特新“小巨人”企业。公司具备包括芯片和系统设计技术、晶圆制造工艺在内的完整核心技术架构。

  杰华特早年依赖消费类AC-DC芯片起家,之后又切入DC-DC芯片,在小家电领域获得一定市场地位。此后,公司又逐渐补全高端产品序列,形成当下完善的产品矩阵。

  至今,包含AC-DC芯片和DC-DC芯片在内的电源管理芯片业务仍是公司营收的主要贡献者,其营收占比常年保持在95%以上。

  上市之前,杰华特刚刚扭亏为盈。2021年,公司实现归母净利润1.42亿元。2022年前三季度,公司营收也大幅增长56.52%至10.40亿元,归母净利润也同步增长59.13%至1.09亿元。

  然而,2022年12月上市之后,杰华特发布的2022年年报业绩却迅速变脸,增收不增利状况开始显现。当年公司录得营收14.48亿元,同比增长38.99%,而归母净利润却仅有1.37亿元,同比减少3.39%。

  从财报来看,公司当年出现增收不增利或是主要由于毛利率的承压与研发费用的增长。

  毛利率较低一直都是困扰杰华特的重要问题。据招股说明书披露,2019年到2022年上半年,杰华特综合毛利率分别为13.72%、19.97%、42.18%、42.19%,而行业平均值则为41.29%、41.90%、47.69%、41.29%。早年公司与同业毛利率差距高达20到30个百分点,后来差距大幅缩小,但仍然有5到10个百分点的差距。

  杰华特表示,公司创业前期产品毛利率偏低,一是由于公司从消费电子标准品切入,二是全产品线的布局。后续公司将通过不断突破,持续优化客户结构、完善产品结构去提升毛利率。

  然而,2022年,公司的AC-DC产品的盈利能力在激烈的市场竞争中承受压力,当年该产品的毛利率下降了15.29个百分点。受此影响,即使其他产品的毛利率依旧坚挺,公司综合毛利率仍下滑了2.25个百分点。

  与此同时,杰华特的研发费用也迅速走扩,当年同比增长53.45%,研发费用率也同步增长1.98个百分点至21.05%。在此情形下,公司净利率下降4.16个百分点,即使营收高增,归母净利润却呈现微降态势。

  时间来到2023年和2024年,盈利压力与研发费用问题开始变本加厉。根据WSTS数据,2023年全球半导体行业受下游需求不振及全球经济低迷影响,预计市场规模下降9.40%。虽然2024年行业进入去库存周期的尾部,模拟芯片市场有回暖迹象,但竞争状况并未出现显著的好转。

  两年时间内,杰华特毛利率由39.93%下降至27.35%,降幅超10个百分点。公司研发费用由3.05亿元提升至6.19亿元,翻倍有余。研发费用率也是从21.05%上升至36.89%,极大地掏空了利润空间。

  2023年和2024年,公司分别亏损5.31亿元和6.03亿元,两年合计亏损11.34亿元。

  有分析人士指出,杰华特的处境并不是完全的天灾,也在于它选择了一条并不好走的扩张之路。

  半导体行业产品线的补全与扩张主要包括并购与研发两条路线,其中并购模式产品确定性更高、成本也更加可控。据媒体统计,自2024年“支持科技十六条”、“科创板八条”、“并购六条”等并购重组政策暖风吹起以来,半导体行业并购加速,2024年全年A股市场出现了逾40家上市公司首次披露半导体资产并购事项,这意味着几乎每8天就有一个新的半导体并购案发生。

  而杰华特则选择投入成本通常更高、产出不确定性更高的研发模式,2022年到2024年研发费用总计高达14亿元,而新产品的回报却相对寥寥。2023年,杰华特新拓展的信号链芯片业务毛利率仅有28.41%,低于同业圣邦微、思瑞浦的40%水平。2024年,该业务毛利率为-1.66%,或反映了该产品线的竞争力还有待提升。       

  业绩压力下降低股票激励目标赴港上市能否解决公司的财务焦虑

  市场动荡导致盈利能力承压与研发优势延迟释放,杰华特的业绩提升节奏也被打乱。

  2024年11月29日,杰华特发布公告称终止实施2023年限制性股票激励计划。按照原计划,考核目标为以2022年度营业收入为基数,2023至2026年营业收入增长率分别不低于10%、20%、30%、40%。

  而由于2023年出现全球经济增速放缓、半导体行业周期变化、终端市场景气度及需求下降等因素,客观环境与公司2023年推出该激励计划时已发生较大变化,于是决定终止实施该激励计划。

  而根据公司2024年8月所发布的2024年限制性股票激励计划(草案),其考核目标变为以以2023年度营业收入为基数,2024至2027年营业收入增长率分别不低于10%、20%、30%、40%的目标。

  而2023年公司营收较2022年下降10.43%,也就是新方案的基数出现下降,且2024年到2026年的增长率目标下降了10个百分点,2024年到2026年的业绩要求出现了显著的下调。

  按照新的激励方案的考核标准,杰华特完成了2024年的目标。

  业绩低于原预期对公司的财务表现产生了重要影响。2022年到2024年,公司经营活动产生的现金流量净额分别为-8.23亿元、-2.91亿元、-3.60亿元,三年经营活动导致的现金流出高达14.74亿元。

  受此影响,公司账上现金快速消耗,2022年末的21.86亿元变为2024年末的11.94亿元。在此情形下,杰华特抬升杠杆以获取流动性。在刚刚完成上市的2022年末,公司资产负债率为27.95%,2023年末便提升至36.89%,2024年末又进一步抬高至49.50%,两年内提升了超20个百分点。

  2025年2月17日,杰华特发布公告,宣布审议通过授权管理层启动公司境外发行股份(H股)并在香港联合交易所有限公司上市的相关筹备工作。公告称,此次上市是为加快公司的国际化战略及海外业务布局,增强公司的境外融资能力,进一步提高公司的资本实力和综合竞争力。

  此次杰华特赴港上市能否顺利完成?完成后能在多大程度上化解财务困境?一切还是未知。而杰华特的以研发扩展产品矩阵的战略又能否转化为长期优势?请投资者们审慎跟踪看待。

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