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  近期,记者调研了解到,浙江省多家国有银行调整车贷提前还款政策,延长了客户提前还款减免违约金的最短还款年限,并提高了对提前还款者收取的违约金比例。事实上,“长贷短还”(即客户申请5年期贷款,在1年或2年后提前还款可减免违约金)往往是汽车销售人员吸引客户贷款购车的重要话术,但此举会让向汽车经销商提供佣金的银行在贷款收入方面受损。

  一直以来,为提升市场份额,银行常与汽车经销商合作揽客:银行以高额佣金吸引汽车经销商与其合作,汽车经销商则可以从银行获得高额返点,用于补贴车价、增加汽车销量,该现象在业内被称为“高息高返”。对此,不少地区监管部门加大整治力度。业内人士认为,此番浙江省多家国有银行调整车贷提前还款规则,正是出于加强规范经营以及保持商业可持续性等目的。

  ●本报记者张佳琳李静

  浙江部分银行调整车贷规则

  “我们已接到银行方面的通知,车贷提前还款政策调整了。工商银行、农业银行等银行的提前还款政策由‘贷5满2’变为‘贷5满3’。以前,客户申请5年期车贷,满2年提前还款就能免违约金,现在需要满3年。浦发银行、兴业银行的提前还款政策还没有改变,仍是‘贷5满2’。”浙江杭州某4S店销售人员小赵告诉中国证券报记者。

  记者针对该现象咨询了杭州地区多位国有银行工作人员。该地区农业银行信贷工作人员告诉记者:“浙江省内的农业银行从4月15日起调整车贷提前还款规则。根据新规则,客户未满3年提前还款,银行对其收取的违约金比例为5%。”该地区的工商银行信贷工作人员也向记者表示:“从4月15日开始实行新的车贷提前还款政策,客户提前还款免收违约金的最短期限由满2年变为满3年。”

  随后,记者咨询了北京地区多位国有银行工作人员,他们表示尚未接到类似通知。北京市海淀区某工商银行网点的信贷经理小张表示:“目前是‘贷5满2’,以前有过‘贷5满1’。对于银行来说,放贷款是有成本的,所以会把提前还款减免违约金的还款年限尽量延长。一般来说,在特殊时段,例如‘开门红’期间,银行为追求贷款‘出量’,会把这个期限缩短。”

  北京地区某4S店的销售人员小瞿也向记者表示,目前合作的多数银行车贷政策仍是“贷5满2”,少数银行能做到“贷5满1”。有些银行的车贷政策是前两年免息,如果客户在两年内还清车贷,相当于无利息支出;如果客户的还款期超过两年,银行就会按照正常贷款利率收取利息。“银行就是在赌客户两年内不能还清车贷。”

  一直以来,“长贷短还”都不是秘密。记者在北京、杭州等地调研发现,多家4S店的销售人员存在向消费者大力推荐“长贷短还”分期方案的情况,还有些销售人员向记者介绍类似于小瞿口中的“免息政策”。据了解,此类“5年车贷2年免息”分期方案的实际贷款年利率往往较高。对于消费者来说,如果在两年内还不清本金,银行将以较高利率计息。

  贷款购车为何优惠多

  多家4S店的销售人员向记者表示,从0首付到首付50%,再到首付90%……可以提供各种汽车贷款方案,而且相较于全款购车,贷款购车的落地价可优惠几千元甚至上万元。

  为何客户贷款购车能享受更大力度的价格优惠?一位汽车销售人员表示:“客户贷款购车,银行会给汽车经销商佣金。我们拿出一部分佣金来做补贴,让客户能以更低的价格、更少的利息购车。”

  为了提升汽车金融市场份额,银行常与汽车经销商合作揽客。银行以高额佣金吸引汽车经销商与其合作,通过提供较长期限的车贷获取利息收入。汽车经销商则可以从银行获得高额返点,用于补贴车价、增加汽车销量。该现象在业内被称为“高息高返”。

  “长贷短还”是4S店销售人员常用的营销话术。某国有大行人士告诉记者,一些汽车经销商利用5年期车贷还满1年或2年后提前还款免收违约金的规则,引导客户提前还款,此举让银行颇感无奈。一般来说,对客贷款利率越高,贷款期限越长,银行付给汽车经销商的佣金就越多。汽车经销商鼓励客户“长贷短还”,会让银行的贷款收入大幅下降。

  此外,部分4S店还存在其他营销套路,比如强制捆绑销售车险,收取上牌服务费,隐瞒分期手续费等。有消费者反映,原本预算足够全款购车,但被汽车销售人员的“分期优惠多”“贷款免息”等噱头吸引,选择了分期贷款,还款时才发现实际情况与当初的宣传相去甚远。四川消费者小西说:“2021年我在某汽车品牌4S店买车时,销售人员说可以0息贷款。今年快要还完款了我才发现每月扣款是包含利息的,4万元贷款还了将近2500元利息。”

  记者在调研过程中遇到销售人员声称有免息政策但要收取手续费的情况。某传统油车品牌4S店营销人员表示:“以贷款8万元为例,虽然分期2年可免息,但要收取分期手续费3000元。”

  多方加大力度整治

  面对行业相关现象,监管部门正在加大整治力度。例如,2025年1月,国家金融监督管理总局重庆监管局发布的《关于进一步规范汽车金融业务促进汽车消费市场平稳健康发展的通知》要求,相关金融机构推进汽车贷款业务“高息高返”整改,对照行业自律要求全面清理存量业务,停止对突破行业自律水平的新增商户准入,科学合理制定绩效考核指标,加强内部财务监督,不得通过“咨询费”等名义或员工激励转移支付等虚列变通列支费用的方式返佣,杜绝“花钱买份额”现象。

  2024年11月,上海市银行同业公会、上海市汽车销售行业协会和上海市融资租赁行业协会共同制定并发布的《推动本市汽车金融业务持续健康发展的倡议书》提出,严格汽车金融产品定价,对客利率应符合法律法规及相关管理办法规定,不得将利率水平与汽车经销商返佣比例挂钩,不得向消费者转嫁经营成本,切实维护消费者权益。

  业内人士表示,银行正在加大汽车金融的投放力度。然而,市场竞争愈发激烈,汽车金融公司和互联网平台等玩家均已入局。如何从价格战中成功突围,打破同质化的产品设计思路,把握消费者的细分需求,是银行必须面对的重要课题。

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