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  推进立法强化监管提升技术

  我国加快建立现代化生态环境监测体系

  核心阅读

  作为反映美丽中国“颜值”的“镜子”,生态环境监测的重要性不言而喻。生态环境部正在从制度、管理、技术、队伍等方面发力,加快建立现代化生态环境监测体系。

  □本报记者张维

  作为反映美丽中国“颜值”的“镜子”,生态环境监测的重要性不言而喻。

  如生态环境部生态环境监测司司长蒋火华所说:“美丽中国美不美、美在哪,既要靠人民群众对蓝天、碧水、净土、青山等的主观感受来评判,也要靠科学、客观、可比的监测数据来表征和衡量。”

  据了解,生态环境部正在从制度、管理、技术、队伍等方面发力,加快建立现代化生态环境监测体系。就制度方面而言,此前向社会公开征求意见的《生态环境监测条例(草案征求意见稿)》(以下简称《草案征求意见稿》)已收到反馈意见近400条。生态环境部将积极配合司法部做好立法调研、论证等工作,力争推动条例早日面世。

  建成全球规模最大监测网络

  在今年全国两会“部长通道”上,生态环境部部长黄润秋用“下30”“跨90”高度概括了2024年生态环境质量的新改善。

  蓝天越来越多,全国地级及以上城市平均优良天数比例为87.2%,同比上升1.7个百分点;PM2.5浓度“下30”,达到29.3微克/立方米;PM10浓度首次“下50”,达到49微克/立方米。十年间,京津冀及周边、长三角、汾渭平原三大区域PM2.5浓度分别下降了47.3%、39.0%和25.1%。

  河湖越来越清,地表水水质优良断面比例首次“跨90”,达到90.4%。

  家园越来越安宁,地级及以上城市声环境功能区夜间达标率为88.2%,同比上升1.2个百分点。

  生态越来越优美,生态质量为二类,生物多样性较丰富、生态结构较完整、生态功能较完善,万里河山更加多姿多彩。“出门见绿”“推窗即景”成为越来越多人的生活日常。

  同时,当前生态环境质量改善成效还不够稳固,重污染天气过程还时有发生,一些河湖汛期污染问题依然严重,局部地区土壤和地下水污染较为突出,一些地方仍有噪声超标扰民现象。污染防治攻坚任重道远。

  这些成绩与不足,正是生态环境监测数据所告诉我们的。

  据蒋火华介绍,生态环境部会同有关部门,建成覆盖大气、地表水、地下水、土壤、噪声、海洋、生态等要素,布局合理、功能完善、全球规模最大的生态环境质量监测网络,能够以真实、准确、全面的监测数据,客观反映美丽蓝天、美丽河湖、美丽海湾、美丽山川建设成效,“数”说各美其美、美美与共的美丽中国新画卷。

  全国生态环境保护大会提出,要加快建立现代化生态环境监测体系。生态环境部专门印发《关于加快建立现代化生态环境监测体系的实施意见》,将现代化生态环境监测体系建设的蓝图转化为任务书、路线图、时间表,一步一个脚印扎实推进。

  推进监测技术装备数智化转型

  现代化生态环境监测体系建设是一项系统工程,需要从多个方面全方位发力。

  技术方面的突破近来颇为耀眼。近日,云南省生态环境厅生态环境执法局新引入的智能“执法助手”上岗,可借助重点污染源自动监测系统与无人机巡检技术并肩作战,替代人员进入生态保护区等敏感区域进行环境监测,减少对生态环境的干扰。

  无独有偶,在近日举办的陕西省辐射事故综合应急演习现场,仿生四足机器狗一举成为耀眼“明星”。据了解,在日常监测中对于需要进行监测的辐射工作场所或者生产厂区,机器狗可变身“巡逻犬”,按照预定监测路线进行巡测,实时监测环境中辐射剂量水平,减少人员少测漏测的可能,实现高效准确的自动化巡测。

  此外,在去年举办的第三届监测技术大比武比赛现场,一架架无人机空中竞技、一辆辆应急监测车整装待发、一台台便携式监测仪器高效运行,集中展示了近些年监测科技赋能、数智转型的崭新面貌。观众纷纷表示,现在翻天覆地、耳目一新的监测技术让他们为之震撼。

  这与顶层设计不无相关。2022年2月,生态环境部印发了《生态环境智慧监测创新应用试点工作方案》,积极探索人工智能在监测领域的应用。2023年以来,生态环境部全力谋划推进监测技术装备的数智化转型。

  近日发布的不止一个顶层设计文件与此相关。例如,生态环境部印发了《国家生态环境监测网络数智化转型方案》,这是推进监测数智化转型的顶层设计,也标志着监测数智化转型迈出实质性步伐。再如,生态环境部联合工业和信息化部、国家市场监督管理总局印发《关于促进环保装备制造业高质量发展的若干意见》,提出围绕环境监测等领域研发一批环保机器人、远程运维装备,加快虚拟现实、数字孪生等先进技术推广应用。

  中国环境监测总站党委书记、站长张大伟认为,随着污染防治攻坚和美丽中国建设的纵深推进,生态环境治理对监测网络技术创新、成果转化效能,以及监测数据精准性、全面性、时效性提出了更高要求。数智化转型要以生态环境治理需求为牵引,构建“精准治污靶向管控、科学治污模型支撑、依法治污数据存证”的技术框架,推动人工智能、大数据、云计算等数字技术与监测业务的多模态融合。通过重构“感知—传输—分析—决策”业务流程,实现提高运行效率、增强生产效能、防范质量风险等目标,为生态环境治理提供更加科学化、定量化的决策依据,有力支撑“美丽中国先行区”分阶段试点。

  “我们将积极推进新技术在生态环境监测中的应用,以更加智慧的监测‘大脑’守护好祖国的绿水青山。”蒋火华表示。

  加快出台生态环境监测条例

  有了技术加持,作为监测工作“生命线”的数据质量显然将更有保障。

  保障数据质量,是生态环境监测永恒的话题,只有进行时,没有完成时。“一条虚假的数据,比没有数据更可怕!”蒋火华说,如果没有数据,决策部门还可以通过其他信息辅助开展管理决策。而如果采用了虚假数据,则一定会误导决策。

  防范惩治监测数据弄虚作假行为,离不开法治的力量。

  2024年,河南某排污单位在污染物不能达标排放的情况下,通过垫高激光发射器、破坏采样管路的方式,造成自动监测数据严重失真,掩盖大气污染物超标排放的事实。依据《中华人民共和国大气污染防治法》第九十九条规定,该单位被罚款59.68万元。

  同样在2024年,陕西某公司以“包合格”承揽环境监测业务,出具虚假报告222份,获利76万余元,陕西法院以提供虚假证明文件罪对该公司和责任人员定罪判刑,并发出司法建议促推治理。

  据了解,自2022年起,生态环境部联合最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部、市场监管总局开展第三方环保服务机构弄虚作假问题专项整治。生态环境部将继续联合有关单位,持之以恒严厉打击弄虚作假行为,以高压震慑加快实现“不敢假”。

  在强监管之外,生态环境部还将全力推进生态环境监测条例出台,依法压实排污单位、第三方监测机构等各自法律责任,让法律“长出牙齿”。

  目前,关于生态环境监测的法律规定,零散分布在环境保护法、海洋环境保护法,以及水、大气、土壤、固体废物、噪声污染防治法等一系列生态环境法律法规中,但不够全面、不够系统、不够集成,难以充分保障监测管理依法行政、监测工作依法开展,也难以有效应对当前生态环境监测面临的一系列困境和问题。《草案征求意见稿》着眼加强生态环境监测管理,规范生态环境监测活动,保障生态环境监测数据质量,就生态环境质量监测、污染源监测、监测数据质量保障、监督管理、法律责任等内容进行规范。尤其对提高监测数据质量,严厉打击监测数据弄虚作假提出了一系列法规制度设计。

  “加快出台生态环境监测条例,是落实党中央改革部署的具体举措,也是全国生态环境监测系统的共同心愿和强烈呼声。”蒋火华说。

  运城4月18日电(记者陆祁国)4月17日晚,菏宝高速中条山隧道附近发生山林火情。为配合山火扑救,菏宝高速山西闻喜至垣曲段临时管控。

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