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朋友的妈妈8,揭开虚拟世界的新面貌与无限可能!
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  【幸福处方】

  夜深了,窗外的街道褪去白日的喧嚣,一片静寂。

  “11点前必须睡,不能再熬夜了。”25岁的李墨(化名)看了一眼床头的闹钟,暗下决心。

  一个多小时过去了,时针指向12点,李墨烦躁地抓起手机。屏幕的光亮刺得她眯起双眼,指尖漫无目的地划过各种软件……“今天,又要‘被迫’熬夜了。”李墨满心懊恼。

  中国睡眠研究会发布的《2025年中国睡眠健康调查报告》(以下简称《报告》)显示,我国18岁及以上人群睡眠困扰率已达48.5%。相当于每两个成年人中,就有一个正在经历入睡困难、夜间易醒或早醒的困扰。

  有网友感叹,在快节奏的现代生活中,高质量的睡眠已经成为奢望。而当睡眠危机从私人烦恼升级为公共卫生议题,越来越多的人试图寻找答案——我们该如何主导自己的睡眠?

  都市青年的睡眠困境

  “不仅睡得晚,而且深睡眠不超过一小时。”李墨早上刚出门,就收到了智能手环的睡眠警告,身体的疲惫似乎佐证着睡眠数据——过去两周的每个夜晚,她的深睡时长始终在1小时上下。

  “手机明明开了夜间模式,怎么还是越刷越清醒?”意识到自己正遭遇睡眠困扰,李墨最近正执行网上流行的“21点开启夜间模式”的睡眠法则。执行一段时间后,她却陷入了迷茫——想通过刷手机短视频放松助眠,却越来越清醒。

  北京大学人民医院呼吸睡眠医学科主任医师董霄松说,人们往往认为,使用手机的夜间模式就能抵消屏幕对睡眠的影响,然而研究证明,夜间模式下使用电子设备,同样会对睡眠质量产生影响。

  2025年3月,全国爱卫办发布的《睡眠健康核心信息及释义》明确,熬夜,睡前长时间使用电子产品,晚饭过饱过晚,睡前吸烟、饮酒、喝茶或咖啡,睡前长时间剧烈运动等,都会对睡眠产生不良影响。

  李墨的生活轨迹在都市青年中具有一定代表性:晨间和下午靠冰美式“续命”,加完班后去健身房搞1个小时的“有氧+无氧”运动。洗漱完躺下,本应进入梦乡的她,却被五花八门的短视频占据——大脑在咖啡因、夜间锻炼和屏幕蓝光的三重夹击下,逐渐失去困意。

  《报告》对“不同睡前行为人群的睡眠困扰率”进行了研究分析:“经常睡前喝咖啡、浓茶等饮料”的睡眠困扰率高达64.80%;“经常晚餐吃很饱”的睡眠困扰率为57.7%;“经常睡前锻炼”和“经常睡前使用电子产品”的睡眠困扰率则分别为53.7%和51.5%。

  对此,《报告》建议,晚餐吃七分饱,减少夜宵的食用,睡前1小时内避免使用电子产品,在晚上锻炼选择瑜伽、散步等轻度活动,避免睡前2小时内进行剧烈运动。

  失眠的本质是系统紊乱

  “人体的睡眠控制系统如同精密的双齿轮组。”深圳市龙岗区人民医院呼吸与危重症医学科主任医师林士军解释,“昼夜节律钟负责发出‘该睡了’的信号,睡眠稳态系统则决定‘能睡多沉’。”

  “我们体内的昼夜节律钟,可以通过感知光线变化指挥褪黑素的分泌。”林士军说,白天光照能抑制褪黑素,让人保持清醒;当夜幕降临,褪黑素分泌增加,逐渐帮人体打开睡眠的“开关”。

  如今,这套由昼夜节律钟主导的自然程序,因现代人手中的电子设备而逐渐紊乱,“日出而作,日落而息”的规律面临挑战——有研究显示,睡前每增加1小时的屏幕使用时间,失眠风险就会增加59%,睡眠时长会减少24分钟。

  作为睡眠控制系统的另一面,睡眠稳态系统与大脑中一种叫腺苷的化学物质密切相关。

  “腺苷是一种可以引发睡意的物质,我们清醒的时间越长,大脑中积聚的腺苷就越多,我们就越觉得困倦。”林士军介绍。

  然而,一杯用于提神的冰美式,就足以扰乱睡眠稳态系统。

  “问题就出在咖啡因上。”北京协和医院心理医学科副主任医师姜忆南介绍,咖啡因会抑制腺苷积聚,所以只要是食用了含有咖啡因的食品,比如咖啡、茶、能量饮料等,人就会变得清醒——明明身体疲惫不堪,大脑却像上了发条。

  与此同时,压力系统正从另一个维度影响睡眠质量。“皮质醇是由人体肾上腺皮质束状带合成的一种激素,在人体的糖代谢及应激反应中有重要作用。”董霄松说,当人体长期处于压力状态,异常升高的皮质醇水平会使人体维持“假性觉醒”状态。

  研究发现,长期失眠者的交感神经活动在睡眠期间仍比正常人活跃38%,这种过度唤醒状态形成恶性循环——压力激素不仅延迟入睡时间,还会将深度睡眠切割成碎片,导致晨起仍感疲惫。

  “睡眠困境的本质,是人体精密系统的运转不畅。”在董霄松看来,现代人的生活节奏发生了变化——节律钟被蓝光扰乱,困意信号被咖啡因阻断,压力系统还持续超载……

  如此来看,李墨的疲惫也不可避免。“因为睡眠还是人体自然的修复程序。”董霄松说。

  睡眠周期主要分为浅睡眠、深睡眠和快速眼动期,健康的睡眠有利于修复身体、巩固记忆、调节情绪。董霄松强调了深睡眠的重要性:“深睡眠是大脑的‘夜间维护时段’,此时脑脊液的循环会加快,有助于清除大脑中的代谢废物。”

  “睡眠充足者深睡眠占比约20%,而失眠者常不足10%,这就是为何有的人明明睡了觉,却仍感觉疲惫。”林士军说。

  优质的睡眠可主动管理

  “想获得优质的睡眠,可以进行主动管理。”姜忆南说,从卧室环境到日常习惯,每个环节都可精心设计。

  生活中,可以先从电子设备的使用“下手”。董霄松说:“比如将手机放在脚侧充电,由于需要起身去取,自然会减少使用手机的频率,从而降低其不良影响。”

  采访中,不少专家表示,控制好光照,也是重塑睡眠节律的关键。

  一方面,应确保睡眠环境光适宜。“卧室夜灯照明度应低于30勒克斯,相当于月光的亮度。”林士军进一步解释道,在这样的光线下,人眼可以勉强看清周围的轮廓,但细节会比较模糊。

  “除了遮光窗帘,还有一些细节不要忽略。”董霄松说,“例如,家里电子设备的指示灯可能造成睡眠困扰,用不透光的胶布贴住就好了。如果光照无法避免,可通过佩戴眼罩进行干预。”

  另一方面,长期在室内工作的人,由于日常接触光线较少,容易影响褪黑素的正常分泌,可以利用中午阳光充足的时间到户外活动活动,让褪黑素的分泌更加规律。

  专家特别提醒,昼夜节律紊乱群体需要根据自己的特点,制定精准的睡眠策略。

  “以夜班工作者为例,其睡眠管理需建立三级防护体系。”姜忆南介绍,上岗前3小时的储备睡眠有利于提高专注力;工作间隙的小憩,能帮助维持精神灵敏度;下班如果已经天亮,回家途中可以佩戴墨镜,以减少日光对褪黑素分泌的抑制,为后续睡眠创造条件。

  对于不可避免的白天睡眠,需构建“人工黑夜”环境。“除了拉好窗帘遮蔽强烈光线,对噪声的管理同样重要。”董霄松补充道,可以与家人提前沟通睡眠时段,将手机设置为免打扰模式并开启语音信箱,这样既能避免睡眠中断,也能确保重要信息不被遗漏。如果需要接收快递,可以提前与快递员协商或备注“静音投放”的要求。

  当以上措施效果有限时,还可以进行专业干预。“认知行为治疗以其低成瘾性、无药物干预等特点,广受业界推崇。”董霄松介绍,该疗法能帮助患者纠正错误的睡眠观念,避免陷入“越失眠,越焦虑”的怪圈,再配合行为训练重建睡眠节律。其核心措施包括:严格限制卧床时间,若卧床20分钟未入睡,需立即起身;结合正念呼吸训练缓解焦虑,逐步消除对失眠的过度关注。

  “就像修复一台失调的时钟,需要先校准齿轮的运转。”林士军说,认知行为治疗的本质是通过逐步调整认知和行为,帮助大脑重新建立健康的睡眠信号。“患者需要像训练肌肉记忆一样,逐步培养对睡眠的正确感知。这不仅能缓解短期失眠,还能从根本上改善长期睡眠质量,帮助患者摆脱对安眠药物的依赖。”

  “当然,药物治疗也是失眠治疗的一部分。”董霄松坦言,“绝大多数抗失眠药物都以抗焦虑为主,可能带来口干、次日宿醉效应、跌倒风险等,更令人担忧的是,长期使用可能产生依赖性。”

  此外,药物耐受性也是一个不容忽视的问题。“在临床专家指导下的用药调整尤为重要,患者切勿自行随意用药。”姜忆南提醒。

  (本报记者肖人夫本报通讯员孙闻阳)

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