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  作者:陈凯华(中国科学院大学特聘教授)

  中国式现代化要靠科技现代化作支撑,实现高质量发展要靠科技创新培育新动能。习近平总书记指出,“必须充分认识科技的战略先导地位和根本支撑作用,锚定2035年建成科技强国的战略目标,加强顶层设计和统筹谋划,加快实现高水平科技自立自强”。党的二十届三中全会审议通过的《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定》将“坚持系统观念”作为进一步全面深化改革的重大原则之一,为推进改革发展提供了科学思想方法和工作方法,也为实现高水平科技自立自强指明了方向和思路。实现高水平科技自立自强是提升国家创新体系整体效能的题中应有之义,是一项复杂的系统工程,涉及多个子系统的整合优化、多元主体的融合创新、多重机制的有效互补、多项政策的协同发力。面向高水平科技自立自强,我们要抓住新一轮科技革命和产业变革的机遇,坚持系统观念,进行全局性谋划、整体性推进,提升国家创新体系整体效能,为建设科技强国奠定坚实基础。

  1、加快实现高水平科技自立自强是深刻的系统性变革

  高水平科技自立自强代表着高水平的自主创新能力,要求通过国家创新体系结构功能的系统性优化,带来整体效能的提升。实现这一目标需要协同推进国家创新体系建设,包括任务部署的系统性推进、理论方法的系统性转变、体系功能的系统性优化以及政策环境的系统性设计等。系统论作为一种科学的、基础性的思想和工作方法,契合当前科技发展愈发体系化、工程化的复杂实践需求,为高水平科技自立自强提供了理论方法基础,同时为国家创新体系整体优化和一体化政策环境建设提供了思路与启示。具体可从以下四个维度进行理解把握。

  有助于更好回应实践需求。当前,高水平科技发展愈发呈现复杂性、融合性和突变性等系统特征,尤其在数智化背景下,高水平科技的突破、迭代与发展依托开放创新生态系统的构建,日益依赖体系化、工程化的复杂系统思维。坚持系统观念,适应全球科技创新发展新范式和新模式的需求,对我国充分发挥新型举国体制优势、强化战略科技力量体系化攻关、推动科技创新和产业创新深度融合、统筹推进教育科技人才体制机制一体改革、提升国家创新体系整体效能等,具有重要实践指导意义。

  能够提供科学的理论方法。推进高水平科技自立自强亟须通过系统科学理论剖析影响高水平科技自立自强的关键问题,丰富完善高水平科技自立自强的决策机制、组织模式和科研范式,增强国家创新体系一体化能力和重点突破能力。习近平总书记指出,“系统观念是具有基础性的思想和工作方法”,“必须坚持系统观念。万事万物是相互联系、相互依存的。只有用普遍联系的、全面系统的、发展变化的观点观察事物,才能把握事物发展规律”。坚持系统观念是马克思主义唯物辩证法的内在要求,为实现科技强国目标和高水平科技自立自强提供理论基础与科学方法。

  助力健全功能体系。高水平科技自立自强这一重要使命对我国国家创新体系的功能实现和功能优化提出了新的要求,需要从系统视角优化国家创新体系建设,提升整体效能。系统观念的核心要义为整体大于部分之和,追求系统性增益。系统功能并非其子系统功能的简单相加,而是不同子系统功能之间的良性协同互补所带来的超越单一要素或子系统功能综合的“涌现”效应。高水平科技自立自强这一目标的实现,取决于国家创新体系中的教育、科技、人才等核心子系统的功能水平和子系统之间的功能协同互补程度,要求国家创新体系建设持续调整和优化其子系统间的功能定位布局和协同互动模式,促进创新要素的顺畅循环与高效配置,不断催生新的系统动能,为高水平科技自立自强提供不竭动力。

  有利于进一步优化政策环境。高水平科技自立自强对政策体系的协同互补性提出更高要求。坚持系统观念能够在全面考虑创新体系各类创新活动过程和整体需求的基础上,有效识别和把握政策问题,打破线性逻辑,强调政策体系设计的统筹性、政策布局的系统性和政策目标的一致性。坚持系统观念,充分发挥政策合力,使全创新链不同阶段的要素和主体相互协调与促进,有利于促进教育科技人才面向科技创新需求一体化发展,为全面推进高水平科技自立自强提供更好的政策环境。

  2、提升国家创新体系整体效能,为推进科技强国建设提供系统支撑

  实现高水平科技自立自强,要求不断完善国家创新体系,通过国家创新体系主体、结构、功能与环境的系统性优化提升整体效能。当前,我国创新体系仍在一定范围内存在子系统功能融合不深、主体要素协同不足、统筹自主与开放的创新生态有待加快形成、全创新链治理体系缺乏系统化布局等问题。为此,必须坚持系统观念,加快国家创新体系的功能协同、结构优化、内外联通和政策统筹,提升国家创新体系整体效能,为实现科技强国目标提供系统保障。

  强化功能协同,促进子系统功能深度融合联动,为实现高水平科技自立自强夯实能力基础。应处理好创新链上不同环节的协同关系,推进科学发现、技术发展、设计制造、市场培育、人才培养等互补联动,实现子系统的整合发展。加强企业、高校、科研机构等创新主体之间的有机协同,处理好国家战略科技力量功能协同关系,明确不同主体的功能定位,引导主体功能有序互补发展,形成有主有次、功能衔接的国家战略科技力量协同机制。优化布局面向不同类型国家重大战略科技任务的多元战略科技力量组织模式,高效发挥国家战略科技力量体系的整体性作用。强化企业的科技创新主体地位,发挥科技领军企业的组织平台优势和带动效应,推动民营企业在重大技术领域突破中发挥重要作用。坚持以科技创新需求为牵引,加强顶层设计,建立教育科技人才一体化发展的配置模式、利益链接机制和评价考核机制。更好发挥科技金融作用,推动科技创新与产业创新融合,增强科技金融支持重点科技创新领域、分散承担创新风险以及持续稳定支持企业科技创新的能力。

  促进结构优化,实现多要素联通,为实现高水平科技自立自强提供机制支撑。加强国家创新体系内区域创新体系、产业创新体系与技术创新体系之间主体和要素的有效互动与协同。强化创新活动的发起、组织、实施与发展相关要素的联通统筹。协调好有效市场和有为政府在科技资源分配中的作用,避免科技创新资源分散、重复,发挥市场在科技资源配置中的决定性作用,更好发挥政府作用,共促关键核心技术攻关重点领域的资源一体化配置。处理好央地间、区域间、部门间协同关系,建立中央与地方、部门与部门的政策协调配合机制,增强央地间和区域间政策体系协同性,高效统筹跨部门协同。因地制宜推动区域科技创新布局持续优化,围绕区域重大战略,突出不同区域创新高地建设布局的协调性,避免功能重叠、重复建设,形成差异化的区域协调发展格局。统筹各类创新平台建设,加强创新资源统筹和力量组织,提高创新资源的配置效率。完善要素市场制度和规则,健全技术市场与其他生产要素市场的联动机制,推动创新要素的畅通有序流动。

  推动内外联通,处理好自立自强与开放合作的关系,为实现高水平科技自立自强提供良好环境。促进要素顺畅流动,以内需市场的强大潜力吸引集聚全球各类创新资源要素;推进高水平国际科技竞争合作,深度融入全球创新网络与全球科技治理,牵头组织国际大科学计划和工程、建立国际合作平台等,优化科技创新开放环境。加快建设自主可控高效的科技创新与产业创新生态体系,把科技命脉和发展的主动权牢牢掌握在自己手中,在保障核心技术和关键领域安全可控的前提下,提升创新系统开放性。以开源创新生态的构建为基础,探索研究“人工智能+”融合范式的创新应用,推动数智技术和颠覆性技术研发,在开放合作中实现自立自强。坚持高质量发展和高水平安全良性互动,建立安全与发展协调机制,加强防范科技安全风险的前瞻部署,有步骤补短板,分领域、分阶段推进关键技术突破。形成高水平的科技开放合作格局,实现与国际创新要素合作共享与优势互补,营造具有全球竞争力的开放创新生态。

  加强政策统筹,推动全创新链协同攻关,为实现高水平科技自立自强提供治理保障。完善党中央对科技工作集中统一领导的体制,健全新型举国体制,推进科技创新政策体系设计和运行的系统化和体系化,构建适应高水平科技自立自强的政策体系,凝聚推动科技创新的强大合力。深化教育科技人才体制机制一体改革,以创新为基点,以制度建设为主线,推动三者的系统性联动,完善制度保障。建立面向科技创新和产业创新需求的促进创新要素发展协同的政策体系,推动形成科技与产业双向流动、多方共建、全创新链条“环环相扣”的体制机制,深化科技成果转化体系机制改革。构建与高水平科技自立自强相适应的创新政策体系,提升不同部门、不同层级间创新政策的系统性、整体性、互补性和兼容性。聚焦创新发展需求,持续完善“宏观—中观—微观”多层级驱动、“产学研金介”多维度覆盖、“制度—体系—工具”多方位优化的创新政策一体化设计。

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