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女性乳液开襟狂飙:深入揭秘行业法则与背后的故事
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文/博时基金指数与量化投资部总经理兼投资总监赵云阳

  当前,我国指数投资生态已具备产品多样性、机构主导性、技术支撑性及政策引导性四大特征,但仍面临A股高波动性、主动基金局部优势等挑战。未来需进一步推动ESG、REITs等创新产品,优化智能投顾服务,并加强投资者教育以巩固生态成熟度。被动投资的深化将重构市场定价逻辑,形成更高效、稳定的资本配置体系。

  指数化投资在过去几年中取得了显著的发展,这是多方面因素共同作用的结果,政策支持、市场需求、产品创新和市场生态建设是主要推动力。首先是政策支持。国家层面出台了一系列政策文件,如近期出台的《促进资本市场指数化投资高质量发展行动方案》,明确了指数化投资的发展方向和支持措施。另外证监会推动了ETF注册发行的简化流程,提高了产品上市速度,降低了市场进入门槛。

  其次是市场需求。随着投资者对被动投资工具的认可度提高,ETF等指数化产品的需求不断增加。特别是养老金、保险资金等中长期资金对指数化投资的配置比例逐渐增加,推动了市场规模的扩大。

  第三是产品创新。在证监会、交易所和基金公司共同努力下,市场不断推出新的ETF产品,如中证A500指数、科创200指数、自由现金流ETF等,为不同风险偏好的投资者提供了更多选择。

  第四是市场生态。 在交易所、指数编制机构、证券公司、基金公司等多方协作下,共同提高了投资者对指数化投资的认识和接受度,推动了指数化投资生态的完善。

  我们观察到,各市场参与者有不同的功能定位,共同推动了指数化投资的高质量发展。上层的监管机构主要负责政策制定和市场监管,交易所负责为ETF提供上市平台并举办各类活动和培训,指数编制机构负责各类指数的编制和维护。基金公司主要负责产品开发和投资管理,确保产品紧密跟踪基准指数。对ETF而言,做市商的功能非常重要,他们为ETF提供流动性支持,提高了投资者对ETF市场的信心,维护了ETF价格的稳定性,这对于吸引长期投资者非常重要,稳定的市场价格可以减少不必要的交易成本和心理负担。

  我国指数投资生态体系已初步形成

  随着被动浪潮席卷整个公募行业,我认为,我国指数投资生态体系已初步形成,体现在产品布局、市场结构、技术赋能、政策支持及投资者教育等多个维度。

  产品矩阵的多元化与创新

  一是体现为大类资产多元覆盖。当前,ETF产品类型已覆盖A股、跨境、债券、商品、货币等大类资产,投资者可以根据不同的风险偏好、收益规划,通过ETF工具进行大类资产配置或轮动,实现投资目标。

  二是宽基与行业主题指数全面覆盖。随着近期中证A500、科创综指等宽基指数ETF的集中发行,主流指数的布局趋于完善。同时,行业主题指数加速发展,当前行业主题指数已覆盖科技、消费、金融、周期等板块,特别是以芯片半导体、人工智能、机器人等科技主题ETF发展迅速。另外,Smartbeta指数方面,尽管当前Smartbeta产品仍以红利类资产为主,但产品谱图已初步形成。

  三是衍生品工具拓展。ETF期权已覆盖上证50、沪深300、中证500、中证1000、科创50、创业板等核心指数,可以更好地满足投资者多元化投资需求。

  我国ETF市场规模与机构化程度显著提升

  根据相关交易所数据统计,截至2024年底,被动权益类指数基金规模达3.96万亿元,首次超越主动权益基金(3.44万亿元),其中股票型ETF总规模突破2.9万亿元。中央汇金等机构重仓持有沪深300ETF等产品,机构投资者在指数权益基金中的占比达57%,推动市场定价权向被动工具倾斜。

  养老金、保险资金及企业年金等长线资金通过ETF大规模配置A股。个人养老金制度将85只权益类指数基金纳入投资范围,长期资金入市加速,形成“长钱长投”生态。要构建“长钱长投”,建议推进指数产品创新,研究推出多资产ETF,涵盖股票、债券、商品等多种资产类别,为中长期资金提供更丰富的投资选择。同时,开发“生命周期智能ETF组合”,根据年龄、风险自动调整股债比例,对接年金、险资等长钱机构需求。

  技术与政策双重驱动生态优化

  金融科技深度赋能,基金公司引入AI大模型(如DeepSeek)优化投研流程,提升报告解析与策略生成效率。同花顺等平台通过AI工具实现资产配置建议书一键生成,降低投顾服务门槛。

  政策支持与制度完善方面,注册制改革推动上市公司数量增加,被动投资的分散优势凸显。政策引导中长期资金入市(如社保、险资),并推出中证A500等战略指数,强化服务实体经济导向。

  投资者结构与行为转变

  我们观察到,机构主导与散户觉醒并存,投资理念从择时转向配置。

  机构资金通过ETF进行高效资产配置,而个人投资者因ETF的低费率(如VOO(先锋旗下标普500ETF)费率0.03%)、高透明度加速转向被动投资。年轻投资者更偏好简单透明的工具,推动ETF普及。

  “越跌越买”策略在A股ETF中表现显著,市场低迷时资金逆势流入(Wind数据显示,如2024年股票ETF净申购超330亿元)。投资者逐渐接受长期持有与分散化理念,降低对短期波动的敏感度。

  国际化与生态协同发展

  目前,跨境互联互通深化。沪港通、深港通等机制完善促进外资配置中国ETF,同时国内投资者通过跨境ETF布局全球市场。

  同时,基金公司、指数公司、券商、银行及金融科技平台形成协同网络,共建行业生态。例如,指数公司参与指数编制、券商提供做市服务,科技公司优化交易系统,共同提升ETF流动性及用户体验。

  展望未来,ETF有几个趋势值得重视。一是规模进一步向宽基集中。美国的标普500ETF、全美ETF等宽基ETF规模在万亿美元级别,国内的宽基ETF从2023年开始增速显著加快,但体量目前还较小,未来的发展空间巨大。

  二是产品创新空间巨大。例如运用期权的下跌保护、备兑增强等策略ETF,透明模式的主动ETF等,近年来海外发展迅速,是新产品的主要发展方向。

  三是重要的细分科技布局越来越多。随着人工智能、人形机器人、生物科技等技术的突破,细分科技方向的ETF将有巨大需求。

  风险提示:本材料所载信息不构成对买卖任何证券或提供任何投资决策建议的服务。该等信息在任何时候均不构成对任何人的具有针对性的、指导具体投资的操作意见,投资者应当对本材料的信息进行评估,根据自身情况自主做出决策并自行承担风险。我们对所载材料的准确性、可靠性、时效性及完整性不作任何明示或暗示的保证。本材料所载内容仅为该资料出具日的信息,后续可能发生变更。未经授权禁止第三方机构或个人以任何形式进行商业用途的传播、剪辑。

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