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  来源:财联社

  今年1月,就在软银创始人孙正义在美国白宫志得意满地宣布5000亿美元“星际之门”项目之际,一条来自印度尼西亚的消息再度引发全球媒体集体感叹:孙正义又被骗了!

  这次“暴雷”的是印尼农业科技“独角兽”eFishery,事发前曾获得软银、红杉印度和东南亚(现在更名为PeakXV)、淡马锡、马来西亚公共部门养老基金KumpulanWangPersaraan、阿布扎比主权基金42XFund的投资。公开资料显示,公司在2023年的最后一轮融资中估值达到13亿美元。

  时隔3个月,eFishery的创始人GibranHuzaifah公开发声,坦白了一场跨越7年的“假装成功直到真正成功”骗局。

(Gibran去年11月在调试喂鱼设备,来源:社交媒体)

  到东窗事发时,这个骗局已演变成跨国空壳公司网络和虚假账目体系。根据内部调查,该公司宣称2024年前九个月营收达7.52亿美元,实际数字仅为1.57亿美元。

  起点:梦想成为“鲶鱼王”的人

  Gibran在雅加达东部的贫民窟附近长大,但天资聪颖,考入万隆理工学院(被称为印尼的“麻省理工”)学习生物学。由于家境困顿,他需要打工赚取学费和生活费。机缘巧合下,他接触了水产养殖方面的课程,并租下鱼塘,尝试用劳动改善生活。

  水产养殖本质上也是农业。鱼卵需要在一系列水池中孵化,然后转移至更大的鱼塘,并在特定时间投放精确计算的饲料。投放少了鱼会挨饿,过多则会浪费钱,并有可能滋生藻类。更关键的步骤是最后的市场环节,鱼类等生鲜的价格波动有时会十分剧烈。

  为此,Gibran自己开了小吃摊售卖烤鱼,以提高饲养的利润,并积极拓展销售渠道。巅峰时期,他管理着70多个鱼塘。他也坦言,在2012年从大学毕业时,他的梦想是拥有一千个鱼塘——成为印尼的“鲶鱼王”。

  在这个过程中,他也发现了水产养殖行业的关键痛点:要管理更多鱼塘,喂食是真正的苦差事。于是吉布兰开始研发自动喂鱼器,从焊接金属开始到编写程序都一人操办,同时骑着摩托车不断向周围的农户推广自己的产品,这也是eFishery的由来。

  为了扩大知名度,赢得更多的现金奖励来维持业务运转,Gibran还参加了印尼的创业大赛,并拍摄路演视频上传到YouTube上。2015年,专注于可持续水产养殖的荷兰投资公司Aqua-Spark同意进行首轮75万美元的投资。

  破产还是欺骗?

  与许多东南亚初创公司一样,eFishery也面临一大难点:当地的劳动力成本非常低廉,水产养殖的利润也非常微薄。但“自动喂鱼机”的成本达到每台400-600美元,这是许多潜在客户掏不出来的钱。

  为此,Gibran开始调整业务,允许农户租赁设备,从而快速推广产品,并在数年后逐步收回制造成本。这种做法也意味着公司的每一笔业务都需要消耗现金流。

  与此同时,eFishery的融资屡屡碰壁,根据新加坡的监管文件,到2017年底时,公司账上只有8142美元的现金。好在Aqua-Spark此时仍对这家公司抱有希望,同意分三期再投资150万美元,其中最后一笔50万美元需要有其他投资者跟投才能到位。

  交易本身为即将破产的公司争取了些许时间,但公司的情况并没有好转。Gibran开始向一些印尼创始人讨教如何改善业务,并接触到了被称为“增长黑客”的手段——严格来说,就是在融资前做假账。

  Gibran表示:“他们说他们会美化数字,有一些’增长黑客’手段,通常是在融资前这么做。我知道这是错的。但当大家都在这么做,而且一直相安无事,你就会质疑这到底是不是真的错了。”

  在2018年末的某个瞬间,Gibran花了一个小时打造了一张前所未有的漂亮Excel表,抱着会被识破的想法发给了投资人。

  然而他却等来了舆论风向的骤变,eFishery的A轮融资取得了巨大的成功。除了Aqua-Spark的跟投外,新加坡风险投资公司WavemakerPartners和美国旧金山的500Global东南亚基金,总共投资了400万美元。

  拿到钱以后,Gibran必须想办法证明填进Excel表的数字。他的首个“财务戏法”相当简单:通过向农户支付2%-3%的费用,让他们把采购饲料和销售鱼获的业务“迁移”至eFishery平台。对于农户来说,实际上没有发生任何变化,他们继续与同样的供应链和销售链打交道,但这些交易被移入eFishery的财务报表后,公司营收便呈现出飙升的势头。

  Gibran透露,这大概调整了20%-30%的收入,更重要的是展现出了“开始增长”的势头。

  更大的赌注是介入金融中介业务。eFishery会通过养殖专业知识对农户提供信用评分,并帮助他们从借贷平台借款,从中抽取1%-3%的佣金。风险点在于,eFishery需要为风险提供担保,且违约率居高不下。

  数据显示,2019年eFishery的营收达到约1000万美元,而一年前只有185405美元,同时还报告了毛利润的扭亏。

  一念之差:孙正义想和你聊聊

  2020年,eFishery完成了由私募股权基金Northstar和Go-Ventures共同领投的2000万美元B轮融资。

  Gibran透露,到那个时间点公司已经无需更多资金,而且新冠疫情还给了他绝佳的平账借口。那时的投资者能够接受销售额出现下滑,但公司实际上仍在保持真实的增长。通过编造增长乏力的故事,他本能让公司的假帐逐步与真实业绩接轨,从而平稳落地。

  但在2021年的某一天,他接到消息:孙正义想和你聊聊。由于正值新冠疫情肆虐期间,软银团队无法来到现场,查看eFishery精心挑选的精品养鱼场,所以双方只能远程通话。

  坐在万隆的办公室里,Gibran思绪良多。几年前他还在印尼的乡下养鱼,而现在投资阿里巴巴、新加坡Grab的软银掌门人正对他感兴趣。

  Gibran回想称,在东京家中的孙正义只听了15分钟就叫停了路演,然后告诉他软银会打钱。随后软银团队发来了一个融资条款清单,对公司的估值达到2亿美元。

  软银要投资eFishery的消息不胫而走,各大东南亚顶级风投迅速进入了争抢份额的狂热状态。红杉印度及东南亚基金突然扔了一份估值3亿美元的提案,随后Gibran又在社交软件上收到新加坡国资淡马锡CEO狄澜“想找他聊一聊”的请求。他一开始还以为这是诈骗信息。

  醉心于全球顶级投资机构的认可,Gibran也在夜深人静时深感不安。2021年时eFishery向投资者报告的营收为1.6万亿印尼盾,税前利润为1420亿印尼盾。但实际上真实营收只有9580亿印尼盾,税前亏损1640亿印尼盾。接受新一轮投资,意味着调和两套账目的重要性将不得不为增长退居次席。

  经过几轮拉扯后,软银、红杉和淡马锡最终以4.1亿美元的估值向公司注资9000万美元。

  事后来看,公司的暴雷有相当多的迹象可循。例如这家新加坡控股公司多年来一直不提交年度财报。更具有标志性的信号是,本应随着公司规模扩张而发生巨变的印尼水产养殖业,并未出现波动。到2023年末,公司声称已经实际部署了超过30万个投喂设备,并有超过4.4万个水产养殖户通过其平台采购。

  一位投资人事后透露,为eFishery喂食器供应关键部件的供应商曾告诉他们,他们每年只能供货5000台。

  最后的疯狂

  完成C轮融资后,创业公司鼓吹的愿景已经变得极不现实。公司内部曾测算称,eFishery需要有能提供每年100万美元营收的养殖户加入,才能满足他们的假帐,但在整个印尼已经找不到足够多符合条件的新用户了。

  背上“软银投资”光环后,Gibran也开始更大胆的作假。他介绍称,在一名员工的提议下,公司开始建立子公司网络并控制平台上农户的账户,这样就能随意虚增交易。最终这一操作拓展至5家子公司和5000个用于饲料采购和鱼类销售等交易的账号。

  与此同时,eFishery也在烧着投资人的钱来兑现承诺他们的数据。贷款平台的审核一如既往地宽松。

  虚假的数据也让eFishery成为全球知名的创业新星,公司开始将业务拓展至印度,并迅速宣布盈利——展示了这一商业模式可以在全球复制。被忽悠到的阿布扎比主权财富基金42X领投D轮融资,给出了高达14亿美元的估值。在这笔2亿美元的投资中,马来西亚养老基金KWAP也有出资。

  最后引爆整个骗局的是一封举报信。

  内部报告显示,2024年的11月下旬,一封举报人向董事委成员发送了财务造假的指控。然而,一些eFishery前员工表示,实际的情况可能更加平常。当时内部账本的副本被发送给了一名董事,所以最初可能只是两个人困惑为何他们手里的账不一样。

  12月6日,董事会通知Gibran收到举报文件并要求他给出解释。随后几天里,他召集管理层会议并坦白了一切,并亲口告知最初的投资人——Aqua-Spark的联合创始人、也是公司董事Novogratz整个造假过程。

  12月13日,eFishery的董事会召见Gibran并宣布他被停职,新委任的临时CEO和CFO入驻接管公司。

  印尼农户的黄粱一梦

  从财务数据来讲,eFishery的确是一个充斥着欺骗的人创业悲剧,但从农户的角度来看,这场骗局也曾令他们看到生产力提升、收入增加的喜悦。

  印尼西爪哇省的Suganda是最早一批使用“自动喂鱼器”的农户。这名农户介绍称,鱼塘的面积很大,以往他需要从一头走到另一头。有了技术后,带来的改变是他拥有了农场之外的生活——通过手机就能定时喂鱼,他可以外出享受社交生活。

  通过与eFishery合作,Suganda所在的合作社获得约15万美元的贷款,管理的池塘数量也从10个激增至70个。他个人的收入也增加至每月603美元。

  12月中旬的某一天,Suganda的养鱼场开始分崩离析,合作社里的喂鱼器接连出现故障。以往随时待命的eFishery工作人员告诉他,自己已经被解雇,公司也没人可派了。

  时至今日,融合着技术开发和全球资本的喂鱼器,唯一的作用就是被当作储存饲料的普通桶。农户们也回归手工劳作的时代。劳动效率骤减的影响下,Suganda每个月的收入最多只有180美元。

  与此同时,eFishery的投资者也在试图收拾这个烂摊子。董事会聘请的咨询公司给出报告称,公司目前的商业模式是不可行的,建议逐步结束业务,并将剩余资金返还给投资者。举例而言,阿布扎比的42X基金在2023年4月投资了1亿美元,可能只能收回830万美元。

  知情人士透露,咨询公司的调查仍在继续,Gibran未来可能会面临投资者的诉讼。印尼警方拒绝披露是否正在展开刑事调查。

  就目前而言,Gibran似乎又回到了刚毕业时的状态,他和从事虾养殖业的兄弟合作创办了一家冷冻食品公司,并帮助前员工创业开设鱼类养殖社。

  经历过去十年的起起伏伏后,Gibran总结称:“事后看来,我当时想创造巨大的影响力——在宇宙中留下印记,但没有考虑到我的影响是否应该更持久,哪怕规模更小一些。”

  周二热门中概股涨跌不一。纳斯达克中国金龙指数(HXC)收跌0.49%。

  上涨股当中(按市值从高到低),台积电涨0.96%,中华电信涨0.50%,贝壳涨0.21%,腾讯音乐涨1.27%,日月光半导体涨2.55%,联电涨0.44%,华住酒店集团涨3.90%,满帮涨4.67%,中国新城农村涨1.50%,蔚来涨0.28%,新东方涨3.20%,唯品会涨1.21%,360数科涨0.36%,名创优品涨1.59%,万国数据涨1.13%。

  下跌股当中(按市值从高到低),阿里巴巴跌1.48%,拼多多跌0.75%,网易跌1.30%,京东跌1.94%,携程跌0.49%,百度跌0.81%,理想汽车跌1.72%,微牛跌34.98%,小鹏汽车跌6.02%,中通跌0.79%,富途控股跌1.78%,哔哩哔哩跌1.35%,BOSS直聘跌1.65%,WSP控股跌0.93%,极氪跌8.84%。

  美股周二小幅收跌。投资者继续关注特朗普贸易政策的最新消息以及最新一批企业财报。美宣布对芯片、电子产品进口开展调查,为征收新关税铺路。

  道指跌155.83点,跌幅为0.38%,报40368.96点;纳指跌8.32点,跌幅为0.05%,报16823.17点;标普500指数跌9.34点,跌幅为0.17%,报5396.63点。

  领涨中概股列表:

  领跌中概股列表:

  (截图来自新浪财经APP行情-美股-中概股热门板块)下载新浪财经APP

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