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美国“对等关税”来袭,生物医药产业如何“转危为机”?近日,美迪西副总裁高璐在上证·长三角科创沙龙上给出的关键词是:韧性。

在高璐看来,中国医药行业有市场、技术、政策三大韧性。随着国内医药产品出口额逐渐增长,中国正逐渐从“医药进口大国”向“创新药输出国”转型。

在美国工作和生活近20年,高璐感受到此次美国“对等关税”风波,与美国年轻人从小喜欢玩的一种游戏ChickenOut非常类似。

“这个游戏的规则是,两个人各开一辆车,迎面相撞,拼命加油,看谁最先踩刹车,赌谁先躲,谁怂谁输。这是西方文化的一种,即所谓的强势文化。过去美国靠挥舞着大棒取得了很多的成绩。但现在,美国不得不面临的事实是,实力对比已经在发生变化。”高璐说,“目前来看,中国在这场ChickenOut中并没有踩刹车的意思。当然,我们要以大智慧把握合适时机与力度。”

三大因素重塑医药行业格局

中国医药保健品进出口商会数据显示,2024年,我国医药产品进出口贸易额为1993.76亿美元,同比增长2.13%。其中,进口额为914.12亿美元,同比下降2%;出口额为1079.64亿美元,同比增长5.9%。

高璐认为,这一数据背后代表着中国正逐渐从“医药进口大国”向“创新药输出国”转型。她看好国内创新药行业未来的发展。

“中国医药行业有市场、技术、政策三大韧性。首先是市场韧性,有内需市场、稳定供应链、多元化战略构筑护城河。国家药监局数据显示,2024年中国医药市场规模已达2.8万亿元,2025年有望突破4万亿元大关。这一庞大的本土市场需求将为行业稳健发展提供刚性支持。”高璐称。

她认为,中国同时在全球医药供应链中占据重要地位,美国仿制药90%依赖进口,其中很大一部分由中国提供。“关税将倒逼中国药企启动市场多元化战略。以美迪西为例,为了降低单一市场依赖风险,公司进行全球布局,不仅持续巩固和发展欧美与亚太等传统市场,同时积极拓展共建‘一带一路’国家及新兴市场。”

从技术韧性角度看,高璐认为,中国医药行业正呈现创新技术增强、创新药数量增长、国产创新药占比提升、市场替代加速的特点。

2015年至2024年,中国创新药数量激增至3575个,超越美国。同时,国产创新药国内占比从不足10%跃升至42%。她认为,国产创新药的增加加速了国内市场的药品替代,促进了行业发展。中国从“仿制药大国”迈向“创新药强国”,在细胞基因治疗、核酸、ADC、抗体等领域具备竞争力。

“从政策韧性看,生物医药产业已成为中国的战略性新兴产业之一,全链条支持创新药发展实施方案、创新药审批加速等一系列支持政策先后出台。针对美国加征关税等外部压力,中国政府采取相应反制措施,保护国内医药市场免受冲击。同时,中央和地方政府在税收优惠、研发投入、人才培养等方面协同发力,形成合力,推动产业高质量发展。”高璐说。

美迪西为药企国际化布下“先手棋”

在中国创新药产业蓬勃发展的过程中,医药研发外包公司充当着医药创新研发的助推器。

高璐认为,在美国对中国药品关税风暴来袭的背景下,作为国内生物医药临床前综合研发服务CRO、科创板首个CRO上市公司,美迪西将通过实行技术自主、供应链自主、市场自主“三大自主”战略,助推医药企业行稳致远。

在技术自主方面,高璐表示,美迪西拥有一站式研发服务平台,服务涵盖药物发现、药学研究和临床前研究全过程,为客户提供全方位的医药临床前研发服务,满足不同阶段的研发需求,提升研发效率与质量。

据悉,目前美迪西已建立AI药物发现服务平台、新分子药物研发服务平台。其中,公司AI药物发现服务平台可提供蛋白结构预测与模拟、bindingsite发现、信息提取与清洗,以及定制化项目数据库构建等服务,深度助力药物研发关键阶段,加速研发进程。

她认为,随着AI技术的不断进步,其在医药领域的应用将更加广泛。美迪西正持续探索AI+CRO新路径,与英矽智能、德睿医药等AI公司达成了战略合作,已助力英矽智能ISM3412、Rentosertib、德睿智药MDR-001等药物获批临床试验。

美迪西新分子药物研发服务平台可为ADC、PDC、PROTAC、核酸、双抗、多肽、疫苗、细胞&基因治疗等新分子药物提供一站式临床前研究服务。“美迪西是国内少数配备NanoString检测平台、mRNADisplay技术的CRO。目前,公司已助力28件ADC药物、1件PDC药物、5件PROTAC药物、2件核酸药物、34件抗体药物等获批临床。”高璐说。

“同时,美迪西是上海首家获得非人灵长类ABSL-2实验室认证的机构,也是国内少有拥有BSL-2与ABSL-2双资质认证的CRO,支撑高生物安全等级研究,如病毒载体药物评价。”高璐补充道。

在药效评价模型方面,美迪西也有显著的技术优势,建立了440+种肿瘤药效评价模型(包括118+种PDX原位模型,30+PDXO模型),和270+种非肿瘤药效评价模型,具备鞘内、椎管、颅内、膀胱、肺喷雾、眼科给药等多种复杂给药技术。

在供应链自主方面,美迪西通过实现关键耗材设备国产化、降低采购成本、保障研发进度打造国产化替代体系。

在市场自主方面,美迪西2024年半年报显示,公司客户结构以境内客户为主,占主营业务收入的63.66%;境外客户收入占主营业务收入的36.34%。在持续扩大国内客户市场的同时,美迪西已在国际市场下好“先手棋”。高璐称,公司已经在美国生物医药行业的重镇波士顿运营了2个研发中心,可以充分利用全球优秀的人才与技术等资源,为客户提供更加高效优质多样化的服务。

近三年,美迪西年均助力100件IND获批临床,至2024年底,美迪西已累计助力约520件IND在国内外获批临床,为生物医药企业的稳步发展提供了坚实的支持。

金杜律师事务所孙兴:

生物医药产业

要以确定性应对不确定性

◎记者何昕怡

“面对美国‘对等关税’带来的不确定性,中国医药企业须寻找一些确定性。”金杜律师事务所合伙人孙兴近日在上证·长三角科创沙龙上表示。

在不确定性中寻找确定性

孙兴分析称,此次美国“对等关税”的加征幅度巨大,不仅是单独的加征单一税种,还与过往的301关税、232关税以及反倾销税、反补贴税等额外关税相叠加。此外,还通过出口管制、经济制裁等非关税措施多维度影响国际贸易秩序和供应链稳定。

“在2018年开始的中美贸易第一轮摩擦所带来的不确定性中,不少中国企业已经开始选择出海来寻找一些确定性,这包括市场多元化和供应链多元化。但出海并不一定绝对代表享受低税率,在目前环境下新增或追加对外投资面临较大的不确定性风险。”孙兴表示。

在其看来,在巨额关税甚至已经超过货值的情况下,进出口企业很可能难以同客户、供应商就关税承担问题达成一致。随着进口美国原材料成本显著增加、出口美国产品成本倍增,供应链稳定性将会下降。

“目前来看,在美国实施‘对等关税’不确定性的背景下,出海能否取得既定效果具有不确定性。”孙兴说。

多措并举应对关税政策波动

目前,不少药企纷纷回应了关税风波带来的影响,并提出多元化的应对措施。其中,除了开拓美国之外的市场,成本控制和药品地产化也是很多企业的应对策略之一。

孙兴介绍称,通过改变供应链及生产工艺布局,从而改变产品原产地,是避免高额加征关税的一个路径。对此,企业须深入理解美国及生产所在地国家复杂的原产地规则体系,并结合自身生产流程制定合规策略。

据介绍,原产地规则一般分为非优惠原产地规则体系与优惠原产地规则体系。前者适用于最惠国待遇、政府采购及贸易救济等场景,其核心判定标准包含“完全获得”与“实质性转变”两大原则。“完全获得”标准适用于完全在单一国家境内完成生长、生产或制造的产品,而“实质性转变”标准则聚焦于产品加工过程中最后一次发生实质性改变的地点,需综合评估产品名称、用途变更、加工增值比例等关键要素。

“由于原产地规则具有较强的专业性和复杂性,在实务操作中,企业若选择通过对外投资生产改变原产地来降低关税成本,应当系统研究美国及当地的原产地判定规则;特别是对产品特征、功能、用途和生产流程进行评估,判断是否达到‘实质性转变’的法定门槛。”孙兴表示。

孙兴从三个维度提出建议:

一是寻找原产地确定性,即原产地裁定前置化。企业转移生产至东南亚或墨西哥时,可考虑提前申请美国原产地预裁定,通过合规性文件证明产品实质性改变,从而增加原产地判断的可预见性。

二是可选择区域供应链重组,并持续关注区域合作政策变化等方面。“中国企业可以通过合理利用自贸协定区域的原产地规则,以合法合规的方式改变产品原产地。但是,在美国关税政策朝令夕改的情况下,以往对区域自贸协定的有关国家的依赖是否可行还有不确定性”。

三是审慎评估海外投资项目。“短期内,美国整体贸易政策及对华关税政策波动性强,企业的既定海外投资项目可能会受到突发政策的冲击,对项目产生重大影响。因此,企业在评估海外投资项目时,除常规尽职调查外,应特别关注贸易政策的风险,对拟投资国别、原产地认定规则、单边和区域性贸易协议、目标市场的贸易政策等进行多维度分析,并尽量准备多个预案,应对突发事件”。

国泰海通证券贺文斌:

医药行业国产化率显著提升

◎记者何昕怡

“近年来,中国医药行业在自主可控方面取得了长足的进步。关税压力将倒逼中国医药行业在更多的自主可控细分领域加速国产化,市占率将得到进一步提升。”在上证·长三角科创沙龙上,国泰海通证券研究所医药行业联席首席分析师贺文斌表示,中国生物医药产业有信心和底气应对美国征收关税的冲击。

贺文斌关注到,受到外部环境刺激、国内政策利好等多重催化因素的影响,近年来,医学影像设备、内窥镜、基因测序仪、质谱仪、制药上游产业链、科研试剂等生物医药六大细分领域国产化率显著提升。

他以医学影像设备为例称,以联影医疗、东软医疗为代表的国内医械企业近年来发展迅速,在高端MRI、CT等“医药制造天花板”领域的国产替代率显著提升,核心零部件已经实现了较好的自主可控,整体对美国的依赖有限。

“另一个比较关键的领域就是内窥镜。这一领域在医药行业里偏制造方向,原先一直由日本企业主导。随着消费电子行业的崛起,带动了我国CMOS传感器领域的发展,国产内窥镜制造水平也随之提升。”贺文斌说。

贺文斌表示,国内“硬科技”企业以创新研发、自主可控突破技术难题,推动了国内医药行业的崛起,将有效应对美国加征关税的冲击。

(文章来源:上海证券报)

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