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部长侵犯部下属人妻A片_带你领略不一样的激情体验

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  对声音特别敏感可能是情绪问题

  隔壁突然的关门声把酝酿许久的睡意吓退,天花板传来楼上小狗跑动的脚步声像是在颅内蹦迪,窗外远处的车流仿佛就在眼前,还有暖气管里细微的流水声、办公室打印机里吐出纸张的声音、手表秒针的滴答声……这些日常生活中的声音,一般人可能不会注意到,但在部分人的耳朵里,是扰乱正常生活和情绪的噪音。

  噪音敏感正在让他们变得烦躁、愤怒、委屈,甚至产生极端行为。记者采访了中日友好医院心理科副主任心理师王彦玲与耳鼻喉科医生毕青玲,了解人们为什么会对噪音敏感,以及如何进行调节。

  是环境太嘈杂还是声音敏感

  人的耳朵有一定的自我保护机制,毕青玲举例,比如处于公共交通的噪音环境中,人的大脑皮层会屏蔽一些噪音,慢慢地感受不到噪音,可以做别的事情。但噪音敏感的人启动不了这一保护机制,不能主动地屏蔽这些声音,反而会加重自身的情绪问题。毕青玲接诊过一些因噪音敏感影响日常生活的病人,有些病人描述噪音让耳朵不舒服,乃至发生耳鸣的情况,“实际上可能是焦虑或抑郁了,会建议他们看心理科”。

  在王彦玲的门诊中,判断一个人是否对声音敏感,主要是与周围人的反应作比较。如果声音在正常的范围内,达不到噪音分贝的标准,比如闹钟嘀嗒响、暖气管道里流水的声音,周围的人都能忍受而这个人无法忍受,则应该考虑是心理或情绪问题。在她的病人中,有的因为对声音敏感而带着全家人3次搬家,也有的受不了窗外的车流声,而生活在这些病人身边的家人朋友都没有此症状。

  去年8月,居住在上海的成美从市区搬到郊区,不料开始了与噪音对抗的生活。搬家不到一周,成美总会听到楼房里邻居使用卫生间、拖拉凳子、小孩跑动等声音。她先是从房屋条件判断,与此前居住的房子相比,这个房子的层高矮了30-50厘米,楼板也更薄。“当楼板共振的时候,它好像一个罩子,罩在我的头顶,产生了很强的共鸣声。”成美说。

  在忍受噪音一个月后,她上楼与邻居协商,但邻居否认制造了噪音;她在楼道、电梯间“蹲守”那位邻居,故意与邻居“偶遇”;她向物业反映,报过警,但都无法得到理想的解决,噪音依旧存在。她感觉邻居以更加过分的声音在报复她。

  成美的丈夫一开始对噪音并不在意。“他能听到那些噪音,但不会产生情绪,噪音的存在好像无法激起他任何的负面情绪。”成美说。后来,成美做出一些“反击”行为:在听到噪音时,她发脾气、跺地板,那段时间连家里的两只小猫都不敢亲近她;丈夫也在她情绪失控时,慢慢从原先的情绪稳定状态,变得有些崩溃。11月,在与邻居再次爆发正面冲突之后,成美与丈夫决定搬家。

  在王彦玲的患者中,青少年和中年群体因为学业、工作压力大而产生噪音敏感的患者占比较高。她提醒,如果病人对声音敏感以至于感到痛苦,且持续时间较长,影响了工作和生活,应考虑寻求心理医生的帮助。

  声音敏感从何而来

  即使有客观的分贝数值作为分辨噪音环境的标准,但不同的人对于同样的声音辨别和耐受能力不同。

  王彦玲介绍,约有15%-20%的人为高敏感人群,对声音等感官刺激处理更细致,这部分人更容易因为微小噪音而分心烦躁。她强调,这是一种生理特征,不是疾病。

  其次,部分患有焦虑、抑郁等情绪疾病的人,对感官刺激的耐受阈值会降低,对声音变得比较敏感。此外,处于神经衰弱精神状态的人,比较容易感到疲劳,注意力难以集中,往往伴有睡眠障碍,对声音也会特别敏感,微小的声音可能加重他们的失眠问题。

  除了心理层面的原因,毕青玲举例,从小学习音乐或进行过声音训练的人,对声音的分辨能力会高于其他人,比如两个差异非常小的音阶都能听出差别,因此也会对声音更加敏感。

  她进一步解释,人的大脑皮层参与处理声音识别、记忆等工作,这个区域联动着情绪处理区域,因此嘈杂的或不好听的声音会引起烦躁情绪。

  克服声音敏感,自我调节很重要

  搬到新家,成美发现噪音依旧或多或少存在,但这次她选择调整自己的心态:“我内心有这样的声音:噪音问题肯定能被解决的。”

  首先是避免与邻居发生正面冲突,减少负面情绪。遇到楼上发出噪音,成美就想,也许邻居只是想通过运动让自己变得更好,并不是故意制造噪音针对别人。通过类似的正向心理暗示,她逐渐不会因为邻居制造出的声音感到烦躁。

  同时,她通过做自己喜欢的事情,如瑜伽、写作、玩游戏来转移注意力。丈夫的支持与陪伴也帮助她回归情绪稳定状态。她在社交平台上分享了克服噪音敏感的方式,希望通过亲身经历,给正在经历噪音敏感的网友一些情感支持。

  “不好奇、不探究、不联想”,这是成美总结出来的心理暗示方法,能够帮助自己快速回归理性。同时,她建议网友,要对自己心态进行整体认识和调整,以防下次对其他事物产生过激反应。

  成美克服噪音敏感的方式,正契合王彦玲给病人建议的“自我调节”方法。对于轻度噪敏者,王彦玲建议采用认知疗法,即噪音敏感者学会变换角度思考噪音,学会与声音和解,当周围人都能接纳这个声音时,噪敏者可以换个角度想想,是否自己太在意这个声音了。同时不要逃避声音,如果不是分贝大到影响听力的声音,可以尽量接纳它,从而慢慢脱敏。

  在自我调节过程中,王彦玲建议,可以通过增加运动量、按时作息、多晒太阳,以及转移注意力、增加社会活动等方式,提高大脑内5-羟色胺浓度,进而改善心情。此外,学习一些放松技巧,比如深呼吸、冥想、间歇性肌肉放松等,让身心得以放松。

  对于焦虑、抑郁情绪问题较重的患者,王彦玲表示,这部分人需要通过药物治疗等方式缓解情绪问题,之后才能缓解噪音敏感等躯体化症状。

  毕青玲提醒,人的耳朵保护机制无法长时间起作用,一旦长时间暴露于噪音环境,会对听力造成有害影响。长期处于60分贝以上的噪音环境,可能对听力产生不可逆的损伤。对于可能带来不可逆损伤的噪音,她不建议采用暴露疗法。

  (应受访者要求,成美为化名)

  中青报·中青网见习记者戴纳记者刘昶荣来源:中国青年报

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