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□迟福林

□在全球自由贸易秩序面临挑战的当下,坚定推进以自由贸易为主线的《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》(RCEP)进程,不仅是促进区域经济一体化的关键举措,还是应对全球自由贸易挑战的重要抓手

□在RCEP框架下,中日韩市场实现开放,尤其是服务业市场的共同开放,对区域经济一体化具有重要意义。据初步估计,如果中日韩服务贸易水平翻一番,使其占GDP的比重接近或达到全球平均水平,将带来至少1.4万亿美元的新增市场

□中国有序扩大自主开放和单边开放的持续推进,将为包括东盟在内的RCEP成员提供巨大的出口市场和投资空间。从现在起至2030年,中国自发展中国家(包括东盟)累计进口额有望超过8万亿美元,推动中国成为新的区域消费中心,让中国大市场成为世界大机遇

□在各方共同努力之下,RCEP有望成为跨区域的自贸安排,并在全球性、区域性自由贸易进程中成为重要的推动者。未来,要以更高水平的开放,为RCEP自由贸易注入强大动力;要进一步拓展RCEP自由贸易新空间;要健全和完善RCEP治理机制

在全球自由贸易秩序面临挑战的当下,有三点判断十分重要。第一,自由贸易是激发市场活力、促进经济增长的重要动力。世界贸易组织(WTO)报告显示,加入WTO后,成员之间贸易平均增长了140%,经济增长速度提高了1.5个百分点。第二,基于开放市场和包容规则的自由贸易是《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》(RCEP)的最大优势。预计到2035年,RCEP将带动东盟GDP增长率提升4.47个百分点,其中菲律宾、柬埔寨、泰国、越南等国GDP增长率将提升6个百分点以上。第三,坚定推进高水平的RCEP自由贸易进程。在区域经济一体化开始成为主流的趋势下,坚定推进高水平的RCEP自由贸易进程,不仅是促进区域经济一体化的关键举措,还是应对全球自由贸易挑战的重要抓手。

一、共建最大、最公平、最具活力的自由贸易区

1.RCEP是全球最大、最公平、最具活力的自贸区

一是作为全球最大自由贸易区,RCEP占全球三分之一的经济总量、贸易额、人口和外商投资。其经贸规制水平也采用了各成员国都可接受的“最大公约数”,既保证了较高的贸易投资自由化标准,又兼顾了各国经济发展水平的差异。

二是RCEP是全球最具经济活力的地区。2010年至2023年,RCEP成员国GDP年均增长4.5%,快于全球1.7个百分点,占全球GDP的比重由25%提升至31%。RCEP既有利于发挥域内传统发达国家优势,又有利于优化包括欠发达国家在内的资源配置,由此释放成员国的经济活力。

三是RCEP依托开放包容的贸易投资自由化便利化制度安排,进一步融合中国与东盟这两个最具活力与最具增长潜力的市场,由此激发RCEP区域统一大市场的活力。

2.以自由贸易为主线的RCEP是区域经济增长的重要动力

区域经济合作的直接动力来源于要素禀赋的差异化和配置优化。2016年至2023年,东盟国家贸易总额占GDP的比重由84%提升至93%。可以说,维护稳定的自由贸易秩序,对东盟及RCEP经济体的增长具有决定性影响。2021年至2023年,RCEP区域内中间品贸易占贸易总额比重由64.5%上升至66%。这表明,RCEP区域产业链和供应链实现了进一步融合,为区域经济稳定增长提供了坚实支撑。IMF预测,2023年至2029年,RCEP区域GDP将增长10.9万亿美元,对全球经济增长贡献率将超过40%。

3.RCEP是各国在全球变局中促进自由贸易的重要抓手

当前,RCEP成员国应当充分利用RCEP大市场的有力支撑,坚定不移地推进自由贸易。这不仅有利于RCEP成员国自身的经济增长与发展,更成为构建区域内各成员应对全球自由贸易挑战的重要依托,并将引领区域性和全球性的自由贸易进程。

二、RCEP有条件成为全球自由贸易的重要推动者

1.签署中国-东盟自贸区3.0版

中国与东盟的关系堪称亚太区域合作中最为成功和最具活力的典范,双方在贸易投资、产业链与供应链协同、基础设施互联互通等多个领域均取得显著成果。2023年,东盟对中国的出口额占其出口总额的比例为15.8%,这一比例比对美国的出口额占比高出1个百分点,中国继续成为东盟最大的出口市场。自RCEP正式生效以来,中国与东盟之间的中间品贸易占比进一步提升至67%,同时中国对东盟的直接投资存量年均增速接近12%。今年一季度,中国与东盟的进出口总额达到1.71万亿元,同比增长7.1%,占中国整体外贸的比重由2024年底的15.9%上升到16.6%,其中制造业产品占比达到90.1%,且大部分属于中间产品。

未来中国与东盟经贸的互补性不断增强仍是一个大趋势。例如,中国与东盟的服务贸易额占贸易总额的比重仅为6%左右,这表明双方在服务贸易领域仍有巨大发展潜力。中国-东盟自贸区3.0版首次达成各自经贸协定中最高水平的数字经济、绿色经济、供应链互联互通等章节,这将为中国与东盟的自由贸易注入重要动力。以农产品贸易为例,自2017年以来,东盟已经连续8年成为中国农产品的第一大贸易伙伴。今年一季度,中国自东盟进口的农产品总额达到526.5亿元,增长13.8%。展望未来,依托中国-东盟自贸区3.0版在通关便利化、卫生检疫等方面明显优于RCEP的规则优势,双方将共建以加工、保险、包装、运输等为重点的中国-东盟产业链和供应链,并通过区块链技术实现供应链全程溯源,提升中国与东盟农产品贸易的透明度与效率,推动双方经贸合作迈向更高水平。

2.实现中日韩自贸协定谈判的重要突破

中日韩三国在RCEP区域内的经济地位举足轻重,其经济总量、制造业增加值占RCEP的80%以上,贸易规模占RCEP的70%以上,是RCEP的重要推动者。第13次中日韩经贸部长会议联合新闻声明提出“三国经贸部长就加快中日韩自贸协定谈判保持讨论”“鼓励RCEP联合委员会尽快完成加入工作组(AWG)的职责范围以便新成员加入RCEP”。为了实现这一目标,需要尽快实现中日韩自贸协定谈判的突破,着力在服务贸易、制度型开放和产业链合作等领域取得进展,实现“RCEP+”水平的区域自由贸易的重要突破。

在RCEP框架下,中日韩市场实现开放,尤其是服务业市场的共同开放,对区域经济一体化具有重要意义。经合组织(OECD)的测算显示,韩国服务贸易的外资准入限制指数高于OECD平均水平的80%;日本的服务贸易限制性指数(STRI)是美国、英国、德国、法国等主要发达国家的两倍。这表明日韩两国在服务贸易领域的开放程度仍有较大提升空间。据初步估计,如果中日韩服务贸易水平翻一番,使其占GDP比重接近或达到全球平均水平,将带来至少1.4万亿美元的新增市场。在RCEP框架下推进自由贸易,中日韩三国在深化经贸合作的同时将带动东盟的经济增长。

3.中国有序扩大自主开放、单边开放将为RCEP高水平自由贸易提供重要动力

据预测,到2035年,中国生产性服务业占GDP的比重有望由目前的30%左右提升到50%至60%;服务型消费支出占消费支出的比重有望由46.1%提升到60%左右;服务贸易占外贸总额的比重将由目前的14.6%提升至20%以上。由此,将释放出巨大的内需潜力,并产生巨大的进口与投资需求。在此背景下,中国有序扩大自主开放和单边开放的持续推进,将为包括东盟在内的RCEP成员提供巨大的出口市场和投资空间。从现在起至2030年,中国自发展中国家(包括东盟)累计进口额有望超过8万亿美元,推动中国成为新的区域消费中心。

4.充分发挥东盟在RCEP的中心地位

为有效发挥东盟作为RCEP中心的重要作用,应从三个方面着力。一是依托自由贸易红利使东盟继续成为全球增长最快的经济体;二是强化东盟在引领区域自由贸易进程中的促进作用;三是在以RCEP为重点的区域自由贸易机制安排中发挥重要作用。为此,需要秉持“开放的区域主义”原则,尽快实现RCEP扩容的重要突破,并在提升RCEP贸易投资自由化便利化水平的过程中,充分体现东盟的作用。

从促进区域自由贸易的大局出发,加快RCEP扩员进程至关重要。例如,中国香港70%的投资和贸易都发生在RCEP区域。若中国香港加入RCEP,不仅将带来一般贸易的增长,还将促进包括金融在内的全方位发展。此外,若智利成功加入RCEP,这将标志着RCEP从区域安排向跨区域安排转变。

不久前,马来西亚总理安瓦尔宣布,将在今年5月举办中国、东盟、海湾阿拉伯国家合作委员会三方峰会,重点讨论经贸合作。展望未来,如果能积极推动RCEP和海湾阿拉伯国家合作委员会之间的合作,并推进与上海合作组织的经贸合作进程,那么在各方共同努力之下,RCEP有望成为跨区域的自贸安排,并在全球性、区域性自由贸易进程中成为重要的推动者。

三、共建更高水平的RCEP

1.以更高水平的市场开放,为RCEP自由贸易注入强大动力

一是加快实施RCEP“零关税”。在RCEP各成员国的共同努力下,把放大“关税减让”的政策效应作为应对全球自由贸易挑战的重要举措。例如,在既有承诺基础上,尽可能缩短重要原材料和关键零部件的“零关税”过渡期;推动中国、日本、韩国、印尼等产业链和供应链关键性国家由“国别关税减让”向“统一关税减让”过渡,进一步降低企业利用协定成本等。

二是释放“原产地累积规则”政策效应,推动区域内产业链和供应链多元化布局。从发展需求看,要协调推动并尽快完成RCEP原产地章节相关条款的审议,推进“原产地累积”向“完全累积”过渡,使企业依托各成员资源禀赋与市场优势,灵活调整产业链和供应链布局。同时,共同推动原产地认定程序简化,逐步实现区域内海关信息共享基础上的信用通关管理。

三是构建高水平服务与投资自由化网络。RCEP生效实施以来,RCEP成员服务贸易限制指数平均值从2021年的0.299降低到2024年的0.276,但仍明显高于全球0.19的平均值。建议推动RCEP部分成员尽快由服务贸易“正面清单”向“负面清单”过渡,并进一步优化区域内的投资环境;在激发区域制造业相关服务活力的同时,着重扩大电信、金融、教育、医疗、法律等现代服务业的市场开放水平。

2.拓展RCEP自由贸易新空间

近年来,亚洲数字服务贸易出口额占全球的比重逐年上升,2023年达到27.37%。2024年,东南亚地区数字贸易总额达到2630亿美元,同比增长15%。预计到2030年,在《东盟数字经济框架协议》(DEFA)的推动下,东盟数字经济规模将超过1万亿美元。

顺应未来发展趋势,依托RCEP电子商务规则框架,各方应积极推动共建跨境“数字自由贸易园区”“数字经济合作园区”等,推动数据、数字技术、数字服务等便利流动,共同开拓区域内数字经济大市场。同时,各方应携手深化RCEP电子商务规则,规范数字经济监管、数据本地存储等标准,在持续优化区域数字服务贸易市场环境的同时,积极参与国际数字经贸规则制定,提升区域在全球数字经济领域的影响力和话语权。

3.健全完善RCEP治理机制

建议进一步明确RCEP支持机构(RSU)的职能;加强对RCEP运行检测和管理协调职能,包括监测和分析区域贸易发展状况等;设立专门的RCEP争端解决委员会,建立更为高效、透明的争端解决机制,确保成员国在遇到贸易争端时能迅速、公正地解决。同时,为适应RCEP发展需求,建议适时设立RCEP秘书处。随着RCEP治理体系的完善,将RCEP打造为区域经济体开展经贸协商和政策协调的主平台。

【作者系中国(海南)改革发展研究院院长】

热点栏目自选股数据中心行情中心资金流向模拟交易客户端

  IMAXCHINA(01970)发布控股股东IMAXCorporation2025年第一季度业绩,该集团期内取得收入8666.7万美元,同比增加9.53%;普通股股东应占净利润232.7万美元,同比减少28.92%;普通股股东应占每股净利润0.04美元。

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