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来源:一点出海(ID:shanhaipr)

作者:一点出海

蔚来人事组织调整的大刀落下来了。

4月2日,乐道汽车总裁艾铁成宣布离职,原能源负责人沈斐接任,其中原因也很清楚——“在过去的一段时间,未让乐道L60达到与其产品力相匹配的销量。”

此前他曾立下军令状:2024年12月份交付破万,2025年3月交付到两万,如果达不到就“下课”。

如今揭晓答案了,2024年12月份,乐道共交付1.05万辆,刚结束的今年3月份成绩更惨,仅交付4820辆新车,离目标差距甚大。

虽然艾铁成表态不想临阵脱逃,但身为蔚来创始人的李斌并没有给其第二次机会。这说明李斌坚决不再做管理上的“老好人”了,过去十年,他让二十多个VP走人了,今年第四季度也一定要实现盈利。

2025年已然走过四分之一,蔚来由内到外都面临着调整,李斌今年能否逆天改命,不仅决定着蔚来的生死,更影响着整个汽车行业的格局。

“优等生”变“复读生”

“现在的挑战非常大,别家孩子已经考上大学,我们还在复读。”蔚来虽位于“蔚小理”头衔的头名,品牌定位最高,但如今的处境却是最差的。

2024年,蔚来在营收、交付量创新高的背后,可谓颓势尽显。其营收为657.32亿元人民币,同比增长18.2%;全年交付量超22万台,同比增长38.7%。但同时,蔚来也刷新了亏损记录,全年净亏损224.02亿元,同比增长8.1%。

这在一众友商经营状况纷纷好转的环境里,显得有些尴尬。

小鹏汽车交出了公司史上最好的成绩,全年总收入达408.7亿元,同比增长33.2%;净亏损大幅缩减44.2%至57.9亿元。

理想汽车依然保持盈利,全年营收为1445亿元,同比增长16.6%;净利润为80亿元,同比减少了31.9%。

相比之下,蔚来营收虽实现了增长,但增速不如小鹏,基数与理想也有较大差距,归根结底还是在于销量不够坚挺。

蔚来去年全年共交付了221970辆车。这一成绩虽然不算差,但在竞争愈加激烈的市场中显得不够出彩。去年推出的子品牌乐道首款车型L60,发布前还信心满满,竖下了年内月交付量破2万台的目标,然而直到今年3月快结束了,月销量最高时一共也只有10528辆。乐道总裁艾铁成也被网友“贴脸”问道,要不要履行诺言直接下课。

理想汽车全年交付50万辆车,领跑新势力车企,累计交付量达到113.39万辆,成为中国首个累计交付破百万辆的造车新势力。

一度经历低谷的小鹏汽车,靠着性价比车型MONAM03实现大翻身。2024年交付19.01万辆,同比增长34.2%。

背靠华为的鸿蒙智行,去年全系累计交付44.5万辆,从日常的大定战报和网络声量中不难推测,问界仍是“四界”中的销量顶梁柱。

号称“小理想”的零跑汽车,这两年也靠模仿成功者理想找到了销量密码,去年凭借强劲的增长势头,实现了29.37万辆的交付量,比蔚来还要多出7万辆。

盈利能力上,蔚来的毛利率和汽车毛利率分别为9.9%和12.3%,虽比以往有所提升,但相比理想和小鹏还有些差距,而且其汽车毛利率反而比整体毛利率要高,说明非汽车业务有所拖累。

截至2024年12月31日,蔚来现金及现金等价物、受限制现金、短期投资及长期定期存款为人民币419亿元。同时,蔚来的流动负债已经达到了623.1亿元,比流动资产还多出4.2亿元。

蔚来紧急寻找“近水”解渴。3月初,蔚来刚刚拿到了28亿元,投资方拥有合肥国资背景。还有宁德时代与蔚来进行换电合作时,向蔚来能源投资的将近25亿元。3月27日,还通过“闪电”配售方式,成功募集40.3亿港元资金。

但无论如何,蔚来真正需要的是源头活水,提高销量卖车赚钱才是真正的长久之计。

“好人”不是好CEO

“全网都在教我做CEO,我现在每天晚上说感谢。”

以往外界虽对蔚来有不少质疑,有吐槽蔚来产品规划的,有批评换电战略失误的,有质疑花钱无度的,都在教李斌儒家和做好一个CEO,但几乎都被李斌化解了。

转折点在2月底,当时一名即将离职的员工在蔚来内部论坛发布长文,呼吁公司应“拒绝幻想和口嗨,直面现实”,引发公司员工共鸣。

李斌亲自回应,终于愿意把矛盾放到台面上了,虚心接受批评建议,毕竟蔚来走了太多弯路。

首先是业务不够聚焦。

蔚来作为一家新势力车企,胃口却极大,在多个“战场”同时开火,卖车之外,还有换电站、自研芯片、手机业务等等,令蔚来的势能难以聚焦。

在蔚来主品牌还没有彻底稳固的时候,就在一年内推出了乐道和萤火虫,两个子品牌,事实证明,蔚来并没有做好准备,这一点在乐道L60身上就能看出端倪。

作为走量车型,乐道L60价格在14-20万区间,代表着高端品牌向下降维打击的存在。上市初期,艾铁成曾表示“订单爆满”,但该车型销量在2024年12月过万辆后便逐渐走弱,与市场预期相去甚远,还出现了产能不足交车缓慢,换电受限制等问题,严重打击了品牌信心。

对于这款车型销量失利,李斌也认识到了不足:乐道品牌知名度低、销售网络需要爬坡、销售人员不够成熟、换电兼容不到位。

相比之下,小鹏汽车曾计划推出独立子品牌MONA,但之后考虑同时经营两个品牌的难度后,果断将之作为一款车型推出。

从目前乐道的竞品来看,今年一季度就迎来了改款ModelY的上市,还有改款小鹏G6和G9的正面竞争。乐道想要突出重围,可能要调整政策更加凸显自身性价比才行。问题在于,以蔚来的销量和当前的市场信任度,能否在供应链管理上扣出更多利润空间,需要打一个问号。

其次是成本控制能力不足。

舍得花钱,一直是蔚来的鲜明风格,无论是重金投入建设换电站,还是推出牛屋打造服务型企业,以及自研智驾芯片、推出手机等,每一项都投入不菲,需要长周期才能看到回报。

高额成本严重影响了盈利能力,在这一点上,蔚来可以对着小鹏照镜子。

小鹏汽车曾因销量落后陷入困境,从长城汽车加入小鹏汽车的“铁娘子”王凤英告诉何小鹏,公司的钢材料采购成本有问题。即使定位到问题所在,小鹏汽车仍用了9个月才搞清楚问题,可见供应链的复杂程度远超想象。

亲自主管供应链将小鹏汽车成本大幅降低后,何小鹏在去年就跟李斌讲道:“供应链要亲自管,而且要懂。不亲自管跟不懂,都不行。”

“小鹏能改好,我们怎么就不能改好?”好友的告诫和市场的残酷,终于把李斌打醒了。蔚来已经祭出了“降本增效”的利刃,在规模、管理、研发三方面入手,重心主要落在节约人力和资金成本、提升工作效率、优化业务结构几个方面。

李斌倡导在公司把每一笔帐算清楚,“一个区域公司、每一辆车、每一块电池、每一个市场活动、每一个研发项目、每一个电机,我们都要搞清楚,把账算清楚。每一个经营报表都要有人负责任,这就是全员经营意识。”

并且也不再做“车圈好人”了,在过去的10年间,蔚来让20多个VP主动走人”,其中大部分是公司让他们走的,最近艾铁成离职,也是“铁面无情”的结果。

2025年,被蔚来定义为自己的技术大年、产品大年、换电站建设大年和国际化大年。李斌将预期定为销量翻番,也就是44万辆左右,对于现在的蔚来来说,是一个艰巨的任务,而隔壁理想汽车已经将目标定为70万辆了。

蔚来的改革之路,还任重道远。

沉重的换电包袱

对于蔚来来说,换电是其最大的差异化优势,决定着公司未来,但也是李斌最难讲的故事。

按照比较理想的设想,当换电站达到一定的规模,便能吸引更多普通用户选择换电模式,而卖出更多蔚来汽车,也会进一步分摊换电站的建设成本,环环相扣,实现互为补益的乘数效应,最终成为蔚来汽车坚不可摧的护城河。

在这个过程中,蔚来需要广结盟友。近日,蔚来和宁德时代官宣达成换电战略合作,双方将构建覆盖全系乘用车的换电网络、统一行业技术标准,宁德时代将对蔚来能源进行不超过25亿元人民币的战略投资。

在此之前,蔚来更是提前建起了一个换电联盟。2023年11月,蔚来正式将换电业务对外开放,长安,吉利、奇瑞、江汽、广汽、一汽等车企陆续加入进来,但推进速度肉眼可见得缓慢。

当前来看,要实现“换电王国”这个美好的图景,蔚来需要解决的问题还有很多。

首先是成本问题。

截至3月21日,蔚来建起3185座换电站,近期目标是在中国实现换电县县通,达成5000座换电站。迭代到第四代的换电站,单座建设成本在150万元左右,这意味着想要完成短期铺设目标,蔚来至少还需要花费27亿元,未来还需更多的投入。

这个数字在习惯大手笔的蔚来面前,或许不算什么,但其当下仍在巨额亏损之中,且汽车销量又日渐低迷,而按照蔚来单次单站的服务成本,日均单量需达到79至105单,换电频率每周2.5次以上才能覆盖支出。在时间不等人的激烈竞争之中,蔚来还能否一如既往地稳健布局,恐怕不容乐观。

其次是统一标准的问题。

每个品牌的车型,都有自己的电池包设计,其中涉及到续航能力、安全性、耐久性等多维度,各车企不太可能放弃差异化竞争而选择标准化,随着换电车型不断增多,将会给容量有限的换电站带来不小的负荷。

这个问题在蔚来自己身上就已经有所体现。第四代换电站需要兼容60kWh、85kWh、75kWh、100kWh、150kWh等不同规格的电池包,资源分配管理较为复杂。

乐道可用的换电站仅仅是蔚来换电网络中的一部分,而萤火虫更是要自建一套换电体系,自家的车型尚且分出“三六九等”,可见统一标准并不是一件容易的事,蔚来长远的换电图景,还会面临更严峻的考验。

还有充电路线迭代的竞争压力。

当前,电池和快充技术日新月异,电车的续航焦虑越来越小。例如2024年5C电池被理想应用到车上,峰值充电电流700安,峰值充电功率520千瓦,能实现充电12分钟续航500公里。尊界上搭载的宁德时代研发的6C电池,其65度电池包可在10.5分钟内将电量从10%充至80%。

与换电路线并行,比亚迪选择下场做充电站。王传福宣布,比亚迪将建设4000+兆瓦闪充站。比亚迪此次发布的“闪充电池”将充电倍率提升至了10C,可以做到全球量产最大充电功率1兆瓦。

对于车主来说,换电的优势是三分钟换电完成,便捷性大大提高,但当快充在5分钟内就能充大几百公里续航时,换电的补能优势,或许就没有那么大了。

蔚来独辟蹊径,虽称得上布局高远,但如今自身情况不太妙且无法回头,接下来,就是等待市场验证这场豪赌的正确性了。

结语

即使走了很多弯路,李斌依然对年底盈利有着信心。

从现在的举措来看,他正在将偏离航向的蔚来转到正确的道路上来,一面在“基本经营单元”制度的基础上大力推进降本增效,另一面将要推出多款不同价位的新车型抢占市场。

但换电路线这个大包袱仍处于大笔投入期,收获期还很遥远,以蔚来目前的状况,能否撑到那时候,还得看改革后的成果。

这是一场和时间赛跑的游戏,也是一场自我斗争的挑战,考验在于如何在巨额投入和规模扩张中实现盈利节奏,既需要产品力的硬实力,更需要资源整合的软功夫。

今年就要见分晓,留给李斌的时间不多了。

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