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  李松林

  4月23日,最高人民法院发布涉校园管理民事纠纷典型案例。其中一则案例提到,某学校老师要求小学生李小某为扎、咬其他同学道歉,因李小某态度不诚恳,老师再次要求其郑重道歉。监护人认为老师的行为造成李小某心理严重伤害,遂将学校诉至法院。审理法院认为,老师批评并要求李小某向同学道歉的行为,属于教师正常行使教育惩戒权,判决驳回李小某的诉讼请求。

  未成年人身心并不成熟,在成长之路中,犯错在所难免。合理得当的教育惩戒,对学生既是一种教育,也是一种保护。可一段时间以来,“为什么现在老师都不敢管学生了”成为热门话题。

  教师如何惩戒、惩戒到什么地步,不同家长的认知理解和接受度不尽一致。同样的事情,有的家长可能认为老师对孩子教育惩戒得好,有的家长可能就无法忍受,动辄要到学校“讨说法”,有让老师公开道歉的、有让学校进行赔偿的,以至于一些学校和老师心存忌惮,根本不敢管教学生。“教不严,师之惰”如今竟有演化为“教之严,师之错”的趋势。

  此次最高人民法院发布典型案例,依法支持合理的教育惩戒行为,给家长、老师和学校释放鲜明信号:教育惩戒权是法律赋予老师的正当权利,也是维护教学秩序、提高教育质量的必要手段,只要在合理合法的范围内使用,无需承担任何法律责任。针对该案件,法院对照教育部发布的《中小学教育惩戒规则(试行)》,认为老师要求李小某向其他同学当众赔礼道歉未超出合理的教育惩戒措施范畴。该判决,为敢抓会管的老师澄清了名声,也给其他老师吃下了“定心丸”。

  最高法本次发布的典型案例,直面现实问题,厘清疑点难点,既明确教育惩戒的意义和边界,又维护教师教书育人的职责和尊严,是为学校和老师的合理教育惩戒撑腰,也是为教书育人者的正当权益“撑伞”。(北京晚报)

  今天是4月25日,也是全国儿童预防接种宣传日。说到儿童疫苗,很多家长都觉得很复杂,毕竟每个疫苗接种时间都不一样。甚至有的疫苗打1针就可以了,有的疫苗还得年年打。那这到底是为什么呢?

  想要搞清楚这些,就要从疫苗的免疫程序说起,今天我们一起来聊聊。

  免疫程序不同

  大家都知道,疫苗是预防传染病(甚至近几年已经涉及非传染性疾病)的有效手段。接种疫苗后疫苗中的抗原通过激发人体的免疫系统产生相应的体液免疫和/或细胞免疫,从而抵御特定的病原体。

  然而,不同疫苗的免疫程序不尽相同,一般来说疫苗的免疫程序取决于以下几个因素:

  1疫苗类型

  活疫苗(如麻疹疫苗)通常只需接种1到2次就能提供长期保护,和活疫苗相比同类灭活疫苗(如甲肝疫苗、乙脑疫苗)可能需要接种更多剂次才能获得相似或者更好的免疫效果。

  以我国采用的乙脑疫苗为例,如果选择接种免费的乙脑减毒活疫苗需要接种2针,而接种乙脑灭活疫苗则需要4针。

  2疾病特性

  对于一些病原体会出现变异导致此前接种的疫苗免疫反应降低甚至失效,在这种情况下可能需要定期或每年接种采用新抗原制备的疫苗从而应对变异后的病原体。

  比如流感病毒每年都可能因抗原蛋白突变而产生新的毒株,因此每年都要接种采用世界卫生组织推荐的新毒株制备的流感疫苗,从而获得有效的保护。

  3免疫持久性

  有些疫苗(如麻疹疫苗)提供的保护可以持续多年,而有些疫苗(如百日咳疫苗)提供的保护可能随时间减弱,需要通过接种加强针来维持免疫效果。

  以百日咳为例——浙江的一项研究显示,参与研究的人群中,1~2岁抗百日咳毒素抗体(抗PTIgG)阳性率最高(81.44%),此后抗体水平快速降低;10~14岁最低(4.72%),超过50%的7岁及以上人群检测不到抗体;5~59岁人群各年龄组的抗PTIgG阳性率均低于10%。

  而目前我国没有用于6岁及以上人群的百日咳疫苗,因此在完成儿童百白破疫苗全程接种(4剂次)后,除了做好防护和保持免疫系统正常外,没有更好的预防方式。

  相对的,也有一些抗体可长期存在:包括麻疹、腮腺炎、水痘在内的活疫苗接种疫苗或自然感染后产生的抗体具有极长的半衰期,因此一般来说按照完整免疫程序或者感染过相关病毒后,就能获得“终身免疫”。

  免疫程序并非一成不变

  事实上,此前无论活疫苗还是灭活疫苗大多数都要接种不止1剂次,这是因为多剂次接种可以提供高水平且持久的保护。

  但是由于疫苗有效性证据的扩充以及不同人群的疾病风险差异,有的多剂次疫苗免疫程序也会变化,甚至只需要接种1剂次。

  例如:

  1人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)疫苗

  最初推荐三剂次接种,但对于9~14岁的儿童,现在只需接种两剂;而最新的研究发现,即便只接种1剂HPV疫苗也能获得持久且可靠的对HPV持续性感染的保护效果,因此世界卫生组织也推荐采用1剂次程序接种,有的地区也将HPV疫苗的免疫程序改为1剂。

  2b型流感嗜血杆菌(Hib)疫苗

  由于母传抗体水平降低、Hib感染患病率从4月龄开始快速升高但在1岁后开始下降——98.3%的Hib脑膜炎发生在2~12月龄的儿童中,2岁儿童中的发生率为1.7%。因此Hib疫苗的免疫程序与年龄有关。

  我国现行的Hib疫苗免疫程序为:

  2~5月龄启动疫苗接种的儿童采用3针基础免疫+1针加强免疫(3+1程序);

  6~11月龄启动疫苗接种的儿童采用2针基础免疫和1针加强免疫(2+1程序);

  对12月龄及以上儿童采用1针程序。

  因此,疫苗的免疫程序也并非恒定不变,除了考虑病原体本身因素外,也会综合考虑疾病负担变化、成本效益等因素,但最终目的都是高效对抗疾病。

  需要重新接种疫苗的特殊情况

  尽管一些疫苗完成常规免疫程序已经足够,但难免会有特殊情况可能需要重新接种,例如——癌症。

  在最新发布的《成人癌症患者的疫苗接种:ASCO指南》中就针对成年癌症患者需要接种或重新补种的疫苗进行了推荐,其中涉及多种需要重新接种的疫苗。

  例如,患者在进行造血干细胞移植后6~12个月开始全面重新接种疫苗,以恢复疫苗诱导的免疫力。活疫苗应推迟至少2年,并且仅在没有活跃的移植物抗宿主病(GvHD)或免疫抑制的情况下接种。新冠、流感和肺炎球菌疫苗最早可在移植后3个月内接种。

  相信科学

  及时接种

  无论对于儿童还是成人,接种疫苗都至关重要。而疫苗的免疫程序取决于多种因素,涉及病原体本身、疫苗工艺、卫生经济学、个体因素等,因此无论是单剂次接种疫苗还是多剂次接种疫苗,我们只需要按照疫苗说明书或相关指南建议接种即可。

  需要注意的是,尽管今年我国第39个“全国儿童预防接种日”宣传主题为“打疫苗防疾病保健康”,但目前仍面临着两个大问题:

  1、4月25日的节日名称仍然叫作“全国儿童预防接种日”而不是“全国免疫接种知晓日”;

  2、成年人群的预防接种体系仍未建立,难以支持全生命周期保护。

  目前国内面临的问题在于,儿童免疫规划疫苗体系的优化空间在于个别疫苗免疫程序和疫苗品类,而成人预防接种体系尚未建立。此外,一些特殊人群(如孕妇、癌症患者等)的免疫接种建议虽然已经有了国内外专业机构支持,但国内由于疫苗类别和疫苗认知等原因难以触达。

  可以说,相关群体的免疫接种仍存在多项难点亟待解决。

  总之,疫苗接种是预防传染病的有效手段,对个体和社区(群体)的健康都具有极高价值。随着科学的进步,疫苗的接种策略和管理方案也在不断优化。

  对于普通人而言只需要做到八个字:相信科学,及时接种。

  策划制作

  作者丨邵忆楠科普创作者

  审核丨陶宁中科院生物物理研究所副教授

  策划丨符思佳

  责编丨一诺

  校对丨徐来林林

  呼和浩特4月25日电(记者李爱平)记者25日从中国铁路呼和浩特局集团有限公司(简称“国铁呼和浩特局”)获悉,4月24日,国铁呼和浩特局首次推出“呼和浩特+乌兰察布+鄂尔多斯”旅游计次票产品,旅客可以享受“一票游三城”的乘车旅游新体验。这也意味着,内蒙古首次推出铁路旅游计次票。

  本次推出的“呼和浩特+乌兰察布+鄂尔多斯”旅游计次票产品包含了“呼和浩特至乌兰察布”“乌兰察布至呼和浩特”“呼和浩特至鄂尔多斯”、“鄂尔多斯至呼和浩特”4段行程各1张二等座车票,产品票价在各区间动车组列车现行票价的基础上执行9.2折优惠。

  铁路方面称,凡购买计次票的旅客,可通过席位预约和直接刷证两种使用方式,在有效期内,乘坐产品指定发到站及席别的列车。购买产品后,需在30天内(含当天)启用乘车,30天未乘车的,产品将自动失效并全额退款。

  铁路部门提示,旅游计次票仅限乘车人本人使用,不能转让或共用。(完) 母亲dna和儿子dna一样不:轻松获取海量资源,尽享私人时光!的相关文章 曝台当局征用便利店成“战时据点”的相关文章
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