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文/秦楠

编辑/渔夫

来源/万点研究

又一个新能源巨无霸冲刺IPO。

近日,深交所受理了华润新能源控股有限公司(以下称“华润新能源”)的主板IPO申请,公司计划募资245亿元。刷新了深交所首发上市募集资金的最高纪录。

根据公司最新披露的招股书,华润新能源本次上市计划发行19.23亿股至46.71亿股,占发行后总股本的15%至30%。

据此计算,华润新能源的估值最低为816亿元,最高可达1633亿元。

如果上市成功,仅在新能源上市公司领域,能和华润新能源一较高下的,恐怕只有华能水电、三峡能源、华能国际等少数巨头企业。且在已上市的风电公司中,更是少有能与华润新能源匹敌者。

但在繁荣的背后,当下新能源电力市场同样面临着诸多挑战,新能源电力消化难题、补贴退潮等问题同样考验着华润新能源后续的经营。

1

毛利堪比白酒企业,电力消化成难题

华润新能源成立于2010年,是港股上市公司华润电力的子公司,也是华润电力旗下投资、开发、运营和管理风力、太阳能发电站的唯一平台。

截至2024年9月底,公司的总资产规模已经达到了1938.1亿元,业务布局覆盖全国主要省市区直辖市。

当前发电并网装机容量达到了2820.69万千瓦,其中风力发电项目2156.64万千瓦,太阳能发电项目664.05万千瓦,占全国风、光发电市场份额的4.5%和0.86%。装机总量仅次于华电新能、三峡能源、龙源电力,位列行业第四位。

高发电数创造了较高的营业收入,招股说明书显示,2021至2024年9月底,公司营业收入分别为171.34亿元、181.98亿元、205.12亿元和171.50亿元,同期净利润分别为65.76亿元、64.58亿元、84.59亿元和63.49亿元。堪称新能源印钞机。

来源:IFIND

在数百亿的营业收入中,90%的收入来源于风电业务,基于主营业务及市值规模,如果将华能国际、三峡能源、龙源电力三家国内已上市公司进行对比,会发现公司的核心竞争力并非发电规模,而是其惊人的盈利能力。

根据招股说明书,华润新能源的毛利率近几年都维持在60%左右,净利率也一直超35%。赚钱程度堪比白酒行业,而华能国际2024年毛利率为33.78%、三峡能源毛利率为55.13%、龙源电力毛利率为37.55%。

来源:IFIND

而如此之高的毛利率和华润新能源的整体较高的运营效率有一定关系.

2024年前三季度,华润新能源的风力发电项目和光伏项目年利用小时数分别达到1731小时和1121小时,分别超行业均值10.5%和16.9%。

而华润新能源近年来的净利率更是基本维持在40%左右,盈利能力不仅远超三峡能源、龙源电力、华电国际等同行,甚至超越了以盈利著称的五粮液。

除了,运行效率之外,华润新能源的每度电还能额外盈利0.15元。华润新能源在高电价区域的布局较为广泛,如山东、广东等Ⅲ类电价区加上补贴,一度电可达0.45元,而同行在Ⅰ、Ⅱ类地区的电价仅为0.37元/度。因此,华润新能源每度电可额外盈利0.08元。

再加上单位运维成本约为0.08元,较行业平均水平0.13元低0.05元;并且在2023年华润新能源完成了120万张绿证交易,折合每度电增收0.019元。三项收入相加,将产生每度电0.15元的额外收益。

不过,随着装机量的快速增长,如何妥善消纳这些所发的电力就成了企业面临的关键问题。

传统的消纳方式是“发电上网”,所发电力直接上到国网系统,通过高压输电线路,运输到耗电大省。但是发电上网普遍存在着两大问题。

首先因为风光发电是断续的,不似火电那般连续,存在着很强的峰段和谷段,这就对电网的调峰能力提出了很高的要求。电网负载能力有限,在发电高峰时,限制发电、限制上网或者“0对价”上网的现象时常发生。其次是高压电网、大型变电站等的建设速度和风光发电的设备建设速度不匹配,进而影响发电机组的发电能力释放。

如此,就导致了弃风、弃光的情况时有发生。例如华润新能源在2024年弃风率为4.39%、弃光率为5.87%,整体较2021年分别增加了1.08和4.35个百分点,如果弃风、弃光率持续攀升,将会给公司的长久经营带来不利影响。

来源:招股说明书

虽然华润新能源也积极建立“风光储”、“风光发电-电解水制氢”等一体化项目,单电力消纳毕竟是一场持久战,很难短期见到直接的效果。

2

补贴依赖高,电价持续下行

华润新能源营收的最大问题就是对补贴依赖症程度较高,盈利模型脆弱。

以近三年营业收入情况为例,2021-2024年前三季度,华润新能源的可再生能源补贴收入占营收比例分别为36.79%、34.8%、31.59%、28.63%,虽然呈现逐渐下降的趋势,但总额巨大。

其中2023年的新能源补贴金额达64.79亿元,如果剔除补贴后,华润新能源的净利润将大幅下降,例如2023年净利润将从82.8亿元降至19.8亿元,说明当前华润新能源的盈利情况高度依赖外部输血。

图源:华润新能源IPO招股说明书

而这种新能源补贴当前逐渐有种“日薄西山”的迹象,截至2024年9月末,华润新能源应收可再生能源补贴款高达204.75亿元,占公司总流动资产的64.28%,且回款周期长达1-4年。

如果未来出现补贴政策调整或核查不合规项目,很有可能导致收入退回或资产资产减值。

实际上从2021年起,国家已经对新核准的陆上风电、集中式光伏项目逐渐停止补贴,全面推行平价上网。华润新能源新增项目将无法享受补贴,存量项目的补贴比例也逐年下降,2024年前三季度享受补贴的风电广度项目占比已经下降到28.63%。

同时,当前全国范围内正在进行可再生能源补贴核查,重点审查2021年前已并网项目的合规性。如果企业部分项目被存在像未批先建、土地手续缺失等问题,最终可能无法纳入补贴目录,并引发补贴收入取消或退回。例如,河南唐河县风电项目因土地手续缺失就曾被消费日报曝光。

图源:消费日报

而更重要的是,当下新能源补贴政策退坡基本已经大局已定。

今年1月27日,发改委和国家能源局联合印发《深化新能源上网电价市场化改革促进新能源高质量发展的通知》,将深化新能源上网电价市场化改革。光伏、风电项目上网电量原则上全部进入电力市场,电价通过市场交易形成。

这当中对分布式光伏的补贴在5月后调整,风电虽未明确补贴退出时间表,但增量项目需通过市场化竞价获取收益。而当前新能源电价持续下降影响,未来一旦市场化交易,将极大压缩企业的利润空间。

根据北极星发电网数据,2021-2024年前三季度,全国风电平均电价,已经从0.50元/千瓦时降至0.44元/千瓦时,降幅高达12%,光伏上上网电价更是从0.56元/千瓦时暴跌至0.32元/千瓦时,降幅43%。

而电价下降,最终对新能源发电经营企业形成了多重影响,除了直接降低发电单价之外,风力发电营业成本主要为折旧摊销,占总营业输入的比重超过70%。

风力发电的单位成本下降速远低于电价降速,导致毛利率持续下滑,华润新能源2024年前三季度风力发电毛利率降至59.18%,太阳能发电毛利率跌至50.92%,总体的毛利水平也从2021年的接近63%下降到去年的57.68%。

来源:IFIND

未来一旦风电和光伏补贴退潮,新能源电价交易进入市场交易,对华润新能源来说是一个很大的挑战,未来还能不能维持这么高的毛利率水平还是个未知数。

3

巨额融资,锚准储能

华润新能源此次预计募集资金高达245亿元,刷新了深交所首发上市募集资金的最高纪录。

根据招股书显示,公司此次拟投资四大类项目:新能源基地(规模化扩张)、多能互补一体化(储能与电网协同)、绿色生态发展(风光+生态修复)、融合发展型项目。

来源:招股说明书

面对当前可再生能源的不确定性、间歇性和波动性,最终极的解决方案之一就是储能。

而当前我国目前尚未有投产的单个独立储能项目达到上GW的装机规模。所以,当下正是各个巨头进入该领域的绝佳时机。

2021年9月,三峡能源庆云储能电站示范项目正式开工,标志着其正式进入独立储能电站领域。

次年,该项目迅速在甘肃、江苏、辽宁等19个省份展开布局,承担了多个源网荷储、电网侧共享储能、风光储等大规模示范项目,成为最早布局储能领域的先锋之一。

截至2024年上半年,三峡能源独立储能新增装机容量达到36万千瓦,累计装机容量达到96.10万千瓦,在新能源发电企业中位居前列。

华润新能源自然也不甘落后,当前华润新能源目前正在进行的储能项目共有3个,累计装机容量达到49万千瓦,合同总价值达到24.41亿元。同时从当前华润新能源的募投项目中我们可以发现以下几个特点。

首先是风电项目依然是主导,持续巩固其优势地位,其次是配储项目累计投资占比已超过总投资的一半;同时,公司正在加速推进光伏发电项目的建设,以丰富其主营发电结构。

其中,“多能互补一体化项目”专注于风电、光伏及配套储能的一体化发展;“绿色生态发展综合利用项目”则着重于渔光互补、牧光互补、药光互补、复合光伏的建设。

这两个项目合计规划装机容量达到381万千瓦,累计投资为211.13亿元,投资规模已超过纯风电项目。

所以当下华润新能源想要通过大力发展储能,解决当前风电弃电率较高的问题,并参与电力市场交易,已经成为华润新能源当前的战略重点。

而这就对华润新能源的资金情况提出很高的要求。

截至2024年三季度末,公司货币资金仅65.47亿元,短期债务缺口达120.67亿元,需依赖IPO资金填补流动性压力,一旦IPO未获成功,则将出现一定的资金缺口。

且华润新能源分拆上市,能否成功本身就是未知数。

证监会《上市公司分拆规则(试行)》要求最新一个财年子公司净利润占比不超过母公司50%。

但2021年至2023年,华润新能源占比高达439%、97%和82%。尽管港股分拆A股适用性存疑,分拆办法后的首例“港拆A”上会项目——丘钛科技分拆子公司丘钛微IPO,终因净利润占母公司净利润比例过高,于2024年11月主动撤回了注册申请。

所以,华润此次巨额募资,能否成功存在很大的不确定性。华润新能源作为民生性央企,在保障国家能源供应、维护电力基础设施、推动电力转型等方面扮演着举足轻重的角色,华润新能源能否成功上市,万点将持续关注。

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