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  原创 郭洁 

  到2027年,上海商业航天产业规模力争达到1000亿元左右。

  4月24日,A股市场全天冲高回落,三大股指涨跌互现。宠物经济概念走强,电力股集体拉升,PEEK材料、维生素等板块涨幅居前,次新股、数据要素、算力、信创等板块跌幅居前。

  多只高位股尾盘走出反包走势,消费股安记食品、国芳集团均上演地天板,带动多只消费股拉升。

  国芳集团尾盘涨停,走出地天板,录得15天13板,成交超14亿,该股昨日跌停,今早以跌停开盘。

  从盘后龙虎榜数据来看,知名游资现身龙虎榜,东方财富证券拉萨团结路第一证券营业部、中信证券浙江分公司分别买入1812.84万元、1626.23万元;国盛证券宁波桑田路证券营业部、东亚前海证券苏州分公司分别卖出3466.83万元、2136.61万元。

  近一个月,国芳集团累计12次登上龙虎榜。其中,东亚前海证券苏州分公司、东方财富证券拉萨团结路第一证券营业部、国泰海通证券上海海阳西路证券营业部交投最为活跃,上榜次数分别为5次、5次、5次。

  商业航天迎黄金发展机遇

  4月24日,上海市经济和信息化委员会、上海市国防科技工业办公室、上海市发展和改革委员会、上海市财政局联合印发《上海市关于加快培育商业航天先进制造业集群的若干措施》(以下简称《措施》),其中提出,到2027年上海商业航天产业规模力争达到1000亿元左右。

  《措施》提出,发挥市级科技重大专项、战略性新兴产业、产业高质量发展、产业协同创新等专项资金协同支持作用,给予商业火箭、卫星、终端及配套关键核心产品研制一定比例资金补贴,最高达3亿元,加快提升产业化规模。

  《措施》支持企业高端化智能化升级,提升批量制造能力,对企业购置设备、软件等投入,按项目总投入10%给予支持,最高达1亿元。对企业开展科技攻关、产业化项目建设的银行贷款,按照支付利息的最高50%给予贴息支持,最高达1500万元。支持火箭、卫星等领域智能工厂能级提升,按照评定能级分类支持,最高达1000万元。

  2025年,我国有多款可回收火箭计划首飞。卫星方面,千帆星座等巨型星座持续发射升空,小卫星需求爆发式增长。根据机构预测,中国商业航天市场规模今年将突破2.5万亿元。

  华龙证券认为,2025年,我国商业航天正式迈入规模化应用新阶段。2025年政府工作报告中,商业航天首次以“安全健康发展”为方向,强调技术突破与规模化应用,标志着商业航天正式迈入规模化应用新阶段。我国商业航天产业将迎来转型升级期,市场规模有望突破2.5万亿元,国际合作也将持续拓展。

  绩优商业航天概念股出炉

  据证券时报·数据宝统计,商业航天概念股有近70只,年内股价平均上涨6.47%,星图测控的股价涨幅最高,年内累计上涨211.15%;龙溪股份、国光电气、豪能股份(维权)、鸿远电子的股价涨幅居前,均上涨超40%。

  4月以来,航天彩虹、芯动联科、斯瑞新材等股获得多家机构调研。

  斯瑞新材在调研中表示,2024年公司已使用自有资金进行液体火箭发动机推力室材料、零件、组件产业化项目(一阶段)的建设,项目达产后,预计将实现年产约200吨锻件、200套火箭发动机喷注器面板、500套火箭发动机推力室内壁、外壁等零组件。

  从业绩面来看,目前5只概念股披露2025年一季度业绩预告,智明达、芯动联科、*ST铖昌一季度业绩均预计扭亏,移为通信、天奥电子一季度业绩分别预减和续亏。

  从2024年全年业绩来看,净利润录得正值且同比呈现增长的有16只,中航西飞、航天电子、中国卫通、豪能股份的净利润规模居前。

  声明:数据宝所有资讯内容不构成投资建议,股市有风险,投资需谨慎。

  来源:华夏时报

  在监管层鼓励保险资金、企业年金等践行“长钱长投”的号召下,第二支柱年金未来的投资路线图渐渐浮出水面。

  人力资源和社会保障部最新数据显示,截至2024年末,我国企业年金积累基金规模达36421.88亿元,同比增速为14.27%,当年加权平均收益率为4.77%;全国职业年金规模为3.11万亿元,年均收益率为4.42%,两项年金在2024年获得了约3000亿元的投资收益。

  “2024年国内保险业综合投资收益率达到7.21%,全国社保基金去年的投资收益率虽然尚未公开披露,但历年来均不低于保险资金的投资收益率,相比较之下,企、职业年金的投资收益率并不高。其中有客观原因,由于企、职业年金是具有投管资格的金融机构与企业单位和事业单位直接签订年金计划合同,企、职业机构对于所投管的年金产品有严苛的收益要求,即在获得不低于银行存款的稳健收益下又要获得超额报酬,这对于投管金融机构提出了非常高的投资考验;另外,即使是同样的年金计划,各委托企业也对收益要求不一,有的接受投资策略激进,有的则对收益要求保守。在当前国家鼓励各类资金秉持长钱长投的政策大方向下,我们也正和委托企业深度探讨未来的投资方向。”国内一家管理年金规模排名前三的养老险公司投管部负责人对《华夏时报》记者坦言。

  企、职业年金披露收益账本

  人社部于今年3月份公布的企业年金投资“账本”显示:全国共有159287个企业建立了企业年金,参加职工人数为3241.84万人,其中,投资资产净值达36054.50亿元,较去年底增速为14.53%,建立年金组合数为5824个;去年企业年金的投资收益为1563.23亿元,当年从长期收益来看,自2007年以来,全国企业年金过去18年的年均收益达到6.17%。只有2008年、2011年、2022年三个年度平均收益率为负。

  4月15日,人社部又披露了2024年全国职业年金基金市场化投资运营情况,截至去年末,全国31个省(自治区、直辖市)、新疆生产建设兵团和中央单位职业年金基金投资运营规模3.11万亿元,自2019年2月启动市场化投资运营以来,全国职业年金年均投资收益率4.42%。

  “企业年金是覆盖企业职工包括中小企业以及文化出版类转制企业的支柱,企业员工属于自愿参与,参与企业年金需要企业和职工协商建立。职业年金是针对机关事业单位编制内的工作人员,具有强制性。因此两大年金计划在规模和投资上都单独设账本,而从投资风格上,投管金融机构对于企业年金的投资方向上更具自主性,可以在权益类产品的配置上更为灵活;而职业年金的投资风格最为保守,因为参保的都是事业单位,所以在收益率上有近0.5个百分点的差异。”上海一家大型公募基金债券投资总监向《华夏时报》记者分析时表示。

  记者也从多家具有受托及投管资格的金融机构渠道获悉,无论是企业年金还是职业年金,多年来各家托管金融机构的投资风格均比较保守。

  “以企业年金为例,去年我们公司在固定收益债券的配置上就达到了1000亿元,占我们总投管年金规模的三分之一;从二十余家管理企、职业年金投资的总体基调来说,超过6.7万亿元的第二支柱在权益类投资的占比大约在13%—18%之间,和保险资金在权益投资比例相当。但是企业年金的投资更为复杂,因为全行业管理着数以万计的年金账户,每个年金账户的收益也不尽相同,有的账户收益高,有的账户收益低。在去年第三季度资本市场突然拉升的情况下,权益占比较高的年金账户收益肯定高。”4月23日,上海一家保险资产管理机构负责人屈军对本报记者透露。

  在多家业内年金投资机构看来,随着国内无风险收益率,如银行定存、超长期国债收益均不断下调,企、职业年金的投资路径必然要重新抉择。

  政策号召下业内思辨提质扩面

  3月28日,国家金融监管总局发布《银行业保险业养老金融高质量发展实施方案》(下称“方案”),其中明确提出未来五年银行业保险业养老金融发展取得明显成效,逐步建立起具有鲜明中国特色的银行业保险业养老金融体系。

  值得关注的是,在涉及企、职业年金方面,方案明确表示鼓励银行保险机构丰富企业年金、职业年金领取方式,创新产品和服务,探索提供长期或终身养老金领取服务;符合条件的银行保险机构要大力发展个人养老金业务,通过多种方式提升参加人参与积极性,实现资金账户数和缴存规模稳步增长。

  “在我国多层次养老保险体系的版图中,企业年金稳稳占据第二支柱的关键位置,对缓解基本养老保险压力、保障老年人生活质量意义重大。在年金基金投资管理方面,企业年金长期表现可圈可点。2007—2024年,全国企业年金基金年均收益率超过5%,且在大部分年份都为正收益。拉长时间维度,企业年金抗跌性较强,长期业绩表现稳定,为职工养老资产的保值增值提供了有力支撑。”平安养老相关负责人对本报记者表示。

  该负责人透露,目前平安养老正深度参与各地企业年金扩面政策的研讨,同时协同地方政府、监管机构、行业专家、企业客户等,共同商讨未来企业年金业务扩面契机及实践方案。

  不过他也坦言,尽管企业年金行业发展取得了一定的成果,但在前行的道路上仍面临诸多挑战。一方面由于市场环境复杂,受托管理难度加大,近年来宏观市场下行压力增大,年金预期收益逐渐趋于谨慎,同时因市场风格切换较频繁,年金投资管理机构的业绩不稳定性增加;另一方面,企业年金提费扩面动力不足。根据不完全统计,除央企和大型国企外,企业缴费能够按照8%顶格缴费的企业占比不足60%。

  在业内人士看来,进一步推动第三支柱发展并与第二支柱实现衔接可能成为未来的必由之路。

  “企、职业年金规模从理论上看,仍然有非常大的增长空间,尤其是企业年金市场的潜力尚未被完全开发;但是从全球经济金融的宏观环境出发,企业单位对于设立年金计划的动力又不足,同时对于企业参保职工的流动性、领取等方式上也需要政策的进一步明晰。”长期观察企业年金发展的资深专家李斌受访时表示。

  就在今年的博鳌亚洲论坛上,中国社会科学院世界社保研究中心主任郑秉文提出建议,当前第三支柱虽发展迅速,但存在缴存人数少、比例低等问题。可考虑将第二、三支柱联合改革,例如建立联合加入机制,允许企业将未用于企业年金的税优额度支持职工建立第三支柱账户,实现企业和职工双赢,推动二、三支柱协同发展,对冲第一支柱替代率未来可能下降的压力。

  加大权益投资

  事实上,在业内人士看来,要实现第二、第三支柱“扩面”效应,“提质”是激发企业和个人积极参加二三支柱的引擎。

  “所谓提质,就是要提升企业年金和个人养老金的收益率,只有在收益率满足企业和个人的平衡需求下,二三支柱的参保积极性自然就被激发。要提升企业年金和第三支柱的收益率,加大权益投资配比无疑是关键之举。我们对中国资产以及中国资本市场的发展抱有坚定信心,未来企、职业年金进一步提升权益投资比例是可以预见的。”上海一位从事企、职业年金投资管理的负责人告诉本报记者。

  《华夏时报》记者同样从平安养老方面获悉,其已经着手升级企、职业年金资产配置方法论,架设兼备“绝对+相对”复合型收益目标的资配管理框架和流程。此外,工银瑞信基金也表示,提升年金投资回报可从三方面发力:一是打造全天候年金投资能力,通过多元化投资、偏离度控制和动态再平衡等机制的应用和升级,强化年金投资对于不同市场环境的适应性;二是发挥平台支撑,提升投资过程管理效能;三是强化投研团队建设,持续提升年金投研能力。

  国泰基金则认为,随着年金投资范围进一步扩大,监管部门开始积极引导长期稳健投资,年金基金信息披露监管更加规范严格,引导着整体年金市场关注投资管理人的长期投资能力和风险防控能力。华夏基金方面称,随着国家层面养老政策红利不断释放,企业年金提质扩面加速推进,行业将迎来更加广阔的发展前景。年金基金在发挥其长线资金和耐心资本属性、成为中国资本市场“稳定器”“压舱石”、助力资本市场高质量发展方面,将发挥越来越重要的作用。

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