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4月15日,众捷汽车开启新股申购,即将在深交所创业板上市,申购代码为301560,发行价16.50元/股,发行市盈率为21.30倍。

当晚,众捷汽车公布申购情况及中签率,此次网上发行有效申购户数为1168.63万户,有效申购股数为680.35亿股,网上发行最终中签率为0.0178732163%,申购热度较高。根据安排,众捷汽车将于4月17日公布中签结果。

众捷汽车的知名度并不高,但它所服务的客户,比如马勒、摩丁、翰昂、马瑞利、法雷奥、康迪泰克等等都是大名鼎鼎的跨国一级汽车零部件供应商。作为深度绑定跨国巨头的二级供应商,众捷汽车也间接进入奔驰、宝马、保时捷等豪华油车以及特斯拉、比亚迪等新能源龙头企业的供应链。

业绩方面,招股书显示,2022年至2024年,众捷汽车分别实现营业收入7.13亿元、8.22亿元、9.78亿元,分别实现净利润0.78亿元、0.83亿元、0.95亿元。其中,新能源汽车零部件产品形成的销售收入占主营业务收入的比例呈逐年提升趋势,分别为29.16%、33.57%和37.41%。

除了业绩之外,招股书还披露了许多经营细节,勾勒出一个典型的中国汽车零部件企业的成长故事:多年来,众捷汽车不断提高精密加工工艺和规模化交付能力,以高性价比作为核心优势,凭借全球化布局和技术积累在细分领域占据一席之地。但在不确定性笼罩的当下,企业也不可避免地面临贸易政策、价格战传导、新能源转型等多重风险。

油车时代的“隐形尖兵”

招股书显示,众捷汽车主要从事汽车热管理系统精密加工零部件的研发、生产和销售,主要产品包括汽车空调热交换器及管路系统、油冷器、热泵系统、电池冷却器、汽车发动机系统等汽车零部件,报告期内,主营业务收入分别为66.264.81万元、76,368.50万元和91.461.23万元,其中汽车热管理系统零部件收入占比在90%左右。

众捷汽车典型产品示例图片来源:招股书

众捷汽车所处的汽车热管理系统零部件领域属于技术密集型行业,集合机械、材料、热力学等多学科交叉,生产工艺复杂,行业壁垒较高。因此,全球市场份额集中,形成多头竞争的局面,且多以外资品牌为主,其中国际龙头日本电装、韩国翰昂、德国马勒、法国法雷奥合计占据全球汽车热管理系统市场约50%的份额。

在专业化分工日趋细致的背景下,汽车零部件产业形成了整车厂商、一级零部件供应商、二级零部件供应商、三级零部件供应商等多层次分工的金字塔结构。

众捷汽车主要作为二级零部件供应商,深度绑定马勒、摩丁等跨国一级零部件供应商,参与汽车热管理系统行业中高端市场的竞争,在所属细分行业中具备较高的竞争地位。

招股书显示,公司传统优势项目储液罐、法兰类产品和近几年新开发的底板、阀体类产品在全球拥有一定的市场份额。储液罐、法兰、底板、阀体类产品2024年全球市场占有率分别为6.59%、3.65%-7.31%、5.79%、1.47%。公司产品型号齐全,目前已拥有3000余种型号零部件产品,年出货量达1亿余件,在精密加工能力、柔性生产能力及工艺稳定性上表现出色。

2024年,众捷汽车营收和归属母公司净利润分别为9.78亿元和0.95亿元,同比分别上涨19%和15.55%,实现近年来业绩新高。此外,众捷汽车预计2025年一季度,营收可达到2.4亿元至2.7亿元,同比增长12.8%-26.9%,归母净利润为0.19亿元至0.23亿元,同比增长达39.3%至68.6%。

对此,众捷汽车表示,营业收入的稳步增长反映了公司良好的市场开拓能力和产品较强的竞争力。公司客户主要为全球知名级汽车零部件供应商,其对供应商的筛选有严格的程序和标准,公司与其展开了长期合作,在相关车型的生命周期内,公司汽车零部件销售具有较高的可持续性,未来公司新项目、新产品的开拓情况等将对公司营业收入产生重要影响。

业务布局方面,除中国总部外,众捷汽车在北美、欧洲设立了制造基地和销售公司,业务覆盖全球主要汽车市场,为包括马勒、摩丁、翰昂、马瑞利、法雷奥、康迪泰克等知名的大型跨国一级汽车零部件供应商提供全球化专业服务,产品主要运用于中高端整车品牌,包括奔驰、宝马、奥迪、保时捷、大众、法拉利、玛莎拉蒂、菲亚特、雷诺、福特、通用、克莱斯勒、沃尔沃、捷豹、路虎、丰田、本田、日产、现代、吉利等全球主流汽车品牌。

图片来源:招股书

新能源转型或成关键胜负手

近年来,中国新能源汽车行业实现快速发展,特别是纯电动汽车和插电式混合动力汽车的普及,对热管理系统零部件的需求呈现出爆发式增长,而电池热管理系统、热泵空调系统等作为新能源汽车热管理的关键领域,为相关零部件企业带来了巨大的市场空间。

与传统燃油车相比,新能源汽车的空调系统和三电系统的热管理结构更为复杂,不仅新增了电池热管理系统,同时还带来了零部件的替换和升级,汽车热管理系统单车价值量大幅提升。

图片来源:招股书

浙商证券研究所数据显示,根据是否使用热泵及冷媒型号的差异,新能源汽车的热管理系统单车价值量在5,000-11,500元左右不等,约是传统燃油车单车价值量的3倍。

业内人士指出,现阶段,新能源汽车热管理系统市场作为一个边际技术加速迭代、短期爆发性强的细分行业,处于一个百家争鸣百花齐放的状态。目前国内外厂商对于新能源汽车热管理还没有一个明显占优的方案,各个方案差异较大,在这种技术路线阶段,国内外汽车热管理系统供应商同处于一个竞争水平线。

国外龙头企业凭借其在传统燃油车热管理系统领域的丰富经验,可以很容易进入新能源汽车热管理系统领域,而国内厂商相比国外厂商更具有本土配套和成本优势,有望快速抢占新能源汽车热管理系统市场份额。在热管理方案标准化、模块化的大趋势下,行业集中度将不断提升,优势厂商将逐渐脱颖而出。

报告期内,众捷汽车加速布局新能源汽车市场,新能源汽车零部件产品形成的销售收入占主营业务收入的比例呈逐年提升趋势,分别为29.16%、33.57%和37.41%,其中,热泵系统阀体及其部件多款产品已成功开发完成并进入量产阶段,报告期内分别实现销售收入6,189.88万元、7,340.71万元和5,722.83万元,主要适配于大众MEB平台和现代、福特新能源汽车。

招股书里,企业特别指出,作为新能源汽车热管理系统中的核心零部件,阀具有电气、机械复合特性,技术壁垒高,毛利率高,公司生产的阀体及阀芯等关键零件具有很高的稳定性、密封性和控噪性等要求,需要经受得起100万次以上的耐久测试,没有长时间的经验积累难以胜任。

2022年-2024年,众捷汽车研发费用分别为3090.54万元万元、3627.90万元和3777.57万元,占营业收入的比重分别为4.33%、4.41%、3.86%。研发成果方面,截至2024年12月31日,众捷汽车拥有发明专利仅24项,实用新型专利101项。研发费用率、研发成果与同行可比公司银轮股份、三花智控、腾龙股份等均存在一定差距。

在新能源领域,众捷汽车的产品下游亦已覆盖特斯拉、比亚迪、Canoo(美国)、Rivian(美国)、Lucid(美国)、智己、BrightDrop(通用旗下电动汽车品牌)等一系列知名或新兴电动汽车品牌。不过,除特斯拉、比亚迪外,众捷汽车对前述知名或新兴电动汽车品牌报告期内的收入及截至报告期末已定点项目未来三年(2025-2027年)预计订单金额占比均小于1%。

出海与价格战带来机遇和挑战

招股书显示,报告期内,众捷汽车海外销售收入分别为53,596.35万元、62,126.99万元和76,470.02万元,占主营业务收入比分别为80.88%、81.35%和83.61%。

作为一家“外销”色彩相当浓厚的企业,市场不免担心国际贸易摩擦对企业订单及利润表现的影响。

招股书里,众捷汽车表示,公司的部分下游客户位于美国,报告期内,中美出现贸易摩擦,公司向美国出口的部分汽车零部件产品位于美国政府针对中国产品加征关税的清单中,适用的加征关税税率为25%。但众捷汽车强调,该部分关税全部由客户承担,美国加征关税对公司产品的销售数量、价格基本没有影响。极端情况下,假设特朗普政府宣布的拟加征关税部分由公司承担5%和10%,对公司报告期内净利润的影响测算如下:

众捷汽车进一步指出,由于公司产品被加征额外关税而导致的成本增加对主要客户所生产的汽车热管理系统总成产品成本的影响很小,对整车成本的影响更小,公司客户对于公司产品被加征关税的敏感度较低,加征关税导致的客户成本增加传导到公司产品的需求数量和价格的可能性较低。

另外,全球知名大型汽车零部件供应商对其上游零部件供应商有着严格的资格认证标准,双方一旦形成战略合作伙伴关系通常会比较稳定,公司拥有较强的精密加工技术工艺、快速的客户响应速度、稳定的产品质量和较高的成本优势,因此,加征关税会引发公司未来被其他供应商替代的可能性较低。

类似的影响因素还有汇率,众捷汽车海外贸易主要以美元、欧元等外币结算,而大部分成本和费用则以人民币结算,因此,众捷汽车的利润水平受汇率变动影响较大。

报告期内,公司汇兑损失分别为-876.65万元、-2,211.20万元和-712.43万元,占公司利润总额的比例分别为-10.27%、-25.53%和-6.34%,如果未来海外业务规模不断扩大,存在汇率波动而导致经营业绩波动的风险。

此外,价格战传导对利润带来的挤压也值得关注。众捷汽车在招股书中称,汽车行业普遍存在供应商产品价格年降的惯例,年降政策会影响公司产品的销售价格和毛利率水平,在执行年降时,公司产品的销售价格和毛利率会因此而下降。如果未来年降涉及的客户、产品、降价幅度或期限增加,公司成本控制水平未能同步提高,或者新客户开拓、新项目开发和量产新产品领域拓展和订单量不及预期,公司经营业绩可能因年降政策而存在下降的风险。

招股书显示,本次发行实际募集资金扣除发行费用后,全部用于众捷汽车主营业务相关的项目,公司将按照轻重缓急用于以下项目:数字化智能工厂建设及扩产项目、新建研发中心项目、补充流动资金。业内人士认为,众捷汽车是汽车热管理细分领域的“中国制造”标杆,其全球化能力与成本优势显著,但需警惕产业链中游的天然脆弱性,适合对制造业细分龙头有配置需求的投资者,长期持有则需紧盯新能源转型进度与研发突破信号。(责任编辑:徐帅)

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