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  财联社4月22日讯(编辑潇湘)如果你认为美国总统特朗普掀起的贸易战,已经令全球经济和金融市场混乱不堪,那么请系好安全带:他最新对美联储的威胁举动,可能会对美国经济构成更大的威胁……

  过去几个月,特朗普团队一直信誓旦旦地表示不会解雇美联储主席鲍威尔,但上周四特朗普却突然改口,称对鲍威尔的“解职”越快越好,美股应声暴跌。

  随后,华尔街交易员们度过了一个为期三天的美好周末——纽约市今年首次迎来阳光明媚、温暖如春的天气,并得以来思考特朗普对特朗普是否是认真的。不少人依然相信,或许上周四的威胁只是这位反复无常的美国总统的虚张声势——那些更理智的白宫顾问们定会设法控制这种可能引发全面恐慌的社交媒体发言。

  然而,事态的发展却似乎并非如此……

  周一美股早盘刚开市不久,特朗普就再次攻击鲍威尔,指责其降息速度不够快。美债再度应声下挫,美元汇率也进一步跌至了三年低点,上周抛压暂缓的美债也重现跌势——美国市场的“股债汇三杀”又一次上演。

  事实上,尽管特朗普的关税政策已对本月的市场造成严重破坏,但其带来的不确定性此前在某种程度上已被市场消化了大半。众所周知,市场厌恶不确定性,但美国政府对部分国家的超高对等关税给予了90天的暂缓期,多少安抚了市场情绪,也表明若遭遇强烈反对,特朗普可能会有所让步。

  但特朗普攻击美联储独立性的最新行动,则开创了超乎想象的鲁莽新高度。之前很少有人认为这(解雇鲍威尔)是可能的。但现在,就连曾著书反对解雇美联储主席的白宫顾问凯文·哈塞特也公开表示,政府正在讨论是否在鲍威尔一年后任期结束前解雇他。

  可以肯定的是,这些对鲍威尔的攻击在接下来依然可能被证明是空洞的威胁。正如EvercoreISI公司副董事长KrishnaGuha在一份报告中所说的,特朗普可能是在泄愤,或者是把鲍威尔当作未来关税导致经济衰退的替罪羊。

  “但这依然适得其反,”他写道,“通过公开削弱鲍威尔的权威,特朗普可能推高通胀预期,使美联储更难以降息”。

  为什么华尔街那么怕美联储独立性丧失?

  事实上,即便撇开特朗普能否真正推翻现任美联储主席这一现实的法律问题不谈(这是值得商榷的),特朗普重新“盯上”鲍威尔本身可能就令人担心。

  美联储是制定美国货币政策的独立机构,也是最终的经济安全网。它有能力通过制定利率政策和使用其几乎无限的资产负债表来吸收巨大的冲击——比如说五年前的新冠疫情,或者现阶段全球贸易颠覆引发的潜在经济衰退。

  在2022-2023年通胀危机期间,美联储曾以历史性的速度连续加息。毫无疑问,作为时任美国总统的拜登当时并不高兴,因为抵押贷款、信用卡利率和汽车贷款突然飙升,将加剧美国人的负担能力危机。这其实也是最终导致民主党政府在去年败选的主要原因之一。

  但即便如此,拜登本人在任内倒也没有过多抱怨过美联储。最终,美联储也确实相对成功完成了自身任务,在避免经济衰退的同时将通胀拉回正常区间。

  而如今,如果特朗普剥夺了美联储的这种独立性,本质上也就剥夺了美联储控制物价的能力。

  维拉诺瓦商学院经济学教授ErasmusKersting表示,“抗击通胀需要非政治性和非党派性。否则,为了政治利益而提振经济的诱惑就会无处不在,尤其是民粹主义领导人总是会屈服于这种诱惑。”

  是的,几乎所有美国总统们都喜欢美联储降息,因为这会刺激经济增长,但同时此举也会导致通胀压力明显上升。

  Kersting补充道,一旦公众(包括全球投资者)对央行遏制通胀的意愿丧失信心,“这种通胀几乎无法消除”。

  完全无视通胀的特朗普非常可怕?

  换句话说,美联储其实是应对“特朗普经济学”异想天开政策的最坏影响的缓冲器。

  而在特朗普本人的视角里,眼下几乎已完全没有了通胀的位置……

  特朗普在2024年总统竞选曾口口声声表示,“我们要大幅降低价格,而且要快速完成。”但他在2025年当选总统后却这样说:“我一点也不在乎(汽车制造商)涨价,我一点也不在乎。我希望他们涨价。”

  在不少业内人士看来,特朗普2024年提出的抗通胀言论,如今似乎是美国政治史上最快被抛弃的竞选承诺之一。在过去几周,特朗普征收了巨额进口关税,这显然会推高通胀,导致数千种日常用品价格上涨;除此之外,特朗普现在又正试图向美联储施压,迫使其采取可能加剧通胀的货币政策。

  美国3月份通胀率确实较为温和——仅为2.4%。但这衡量的是关税生效前的经济状况。很显然的是,特朗普的关税将在未来几个月推高通胀,一些商品的价格可能会出现惊人的上涨,这已是几乎无法回避的事实。迄今为止,特朗普已将约3万亿美元进口商品的实际有效关税税率从年初的2.5%提高到27%左右(部分加税措施将在90天后生效)。

  而美国进口商在支付关税的同时,则会将增加的成本转嫁给美国企业和消费者。一旦零售商售罄关税生效前的库存,消费者就将开始明显感受到特朗普的涨价效应。

(特朗普通胀会比拜登通胀更可怕?)

  特朗普希望美联储更快地降息,但美联储之所以谨慎,很大一部分原因是特朗普自己的关税议程,正如鲍威尔在上周的一次讲话中指出的那样,“这极有可能导致通胀率至少暂时上升”。

  让一位愿意听命于特朗普的美联储主席上任,将损害世界上最重要央行——美联储的信誉,并进一步削弱过往美国作为最值得信赖的资金和投资场所的独特地位。

  更严重的后果是可能重创经济。激进降息可能在特朗普关税导致经济停滞之际重新点燃通胀——亚特兰大联储的GDPNow模型目前预测美国经济已在一季度已出现负增长。

  Guha表示,任何解雇鲍威尔的实际尝试都将导致“滞胀交易”的激增,即经济同时陷入低增长与高通胀的恶性组合(参见1970年代的美国)。由此引发的恐慌将推高美债收益率(意味着购房购车贷款成本更高),据Guha分析,这几乎必然将导致经济衰退。

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