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  极端天气下新业态劳动者权益保障引关注

  风里雨里,谁为骑手兜底?

  “狂风肆虐,根本骑不了车,摔了两三跤,眼镜都被吹掉了!”社交平台上,一名外卖骑手用文字记录下强风天气中的惊险瞬间。

  4月的一场大风席卷我国部分地区,影响超过6.1亿人,23个省份出现12级以上阵风,64个国家级气象观测站突破历史极值。在这样的极端天气中,外卖员、快递员、网约配送员、网约车司机等新业态劳动者仍在街头穿梭,服务广大客户。如何保障这一群体的人身安全和其他合法权益,成为社会关注的焦点。

  极端天气艰难前行

  “头盔得扣紧点!今儿这风没准能给你掀个跟头!”4月12日一大早,快递员张同(化名)出车前一边叮嘱自己注意安全一边仔细检查装备。

  没过一会儿,他收到站点主管在微信群里的嘱托:“大家在送货时遇上任何安全隐患问题,第一时间拍照在群里上报!经过胡同尤其是电线杆、大树下的时候,一定要注意人身安全,马上离开不逗留。”

  “大风天,总得有人把东西送到该去的地方。比如有人买了急用的药,那一刻时间都耽搁不得,风再大也得给人送过去。”张同回忆道,那天他就给一个胡同里的老人送了一单降压药,“买药肯定着急用啊,我接到单骑着车子就去了,大风刮在脸上,就像小刀划过,车子也不稳,我就把电动车车头死死抵在膝盖间,还好及时、安全送到了”。

  在极端大风天气下安全抵达目的地的张同是幸运的,外卖员陈明(化名)就没那么好运了——那天,他在送餐时即使做好了万全准备,用配重平衡车辆,仍然被强风连人带车吹到墙角,胳膊被撞得生疼。

  “装货时,我把餐盒平均放在电动车的箱子里、踏板上,又将一个袋子挂在车辆前面,想借此保持车辆平衡,可是过一个小转弯时,一阵强风吹来,160斤的我连人带车被吹出去老远,还好餐没撒。”在北京跑了两年多外卖的陈明以为自己早就适应了北京春秋季节的大风天气,没想到被这次的强风天气吓到了。

  想到大风中艰难前行的骑手、快递员,很多网友纷纷呼吁,在极端天气下对新业态劳动者多一些理解:“配送时间可能会延长,大家要理解并耐心等待,而不是频繁催促或投诉;如果天气非常恶劣,尽量减少非紧急的订单,减轻他们的工作压力;为他们提供热水、避雨场所等;在时间延迟或出现问题时,给予理解性的评价,避免因不可抗力因素给予差评……”

  陈明对此深有感触:“极端天气中用户催单减少,打赏金额涨至平日5倍,我感受到了人们的善意。”

  然而,善意无法化解所有现实风险——在平台系统派单模式下,一些新业态劳动者无法自由选择是否接单。并且,目前我国职业伤害认定机制尚不完善,维权成本高、举证难成为普遍现象。

  某平台专送外卖员刘安(化名)告诉《法治日报》记者,系统派单后,自己可选择派送或转给别人,但如果没人接,就得自己去配送,“希望在极端天气下,平台能够调整派单规则,可以选择是否自愿接单”。

  大风天可停止工作

  和刘安有着相同愿望的新业态劳动者不在少数。多名从业人员向记者提问:“我们的工作主要在户外,大风天我们有权停工吗?风里雨里,谁为我们兜底?”

  受访专家指出,新业态劳动者的这一问题暴露了平台制度与法律保障的断层。

  “我国对于高温极寒天气的户外工作有专门规定,但对大风天气的劳动安全保障缺乏明确规定。比如在大风天气中,有的外卖平台的众包骑手可以不上班,但专送骑手不能请假。”首都经济贸易大学劳动经济学院教授范围说,实际上,对于新业态劳动者来说,在极端大风天气下,如果平台没有提供在户外工作的安全保障,他们可以拒绝工作。

  范围进一步解释道,根据《气象灾害预警信号发布与传播办法》及建筑行业的相关安全标准,当风力达到6级(风速10.8至13.8米/秒)时,应停止露天高处作业。当风力达到7级(风速13.9至17.1米/秒)时,应停止所有户外作业,包括但不限于建筑施工作业、露天作业、起重作业等。此次大风,以北京市为例,发布的安全生产工作提示也对户外工作作出了限制。

  “安全生产法规定,从业人员发现直接危及人身安全的紧急情况时,有权停止作业或者在采取可能的应急措施后撤离作业场所。还有部分地方性立法对此也有所规定,如《安徽省灾害性天气应对规定》。”范围说,因此,一些作为户外作业人员的新业态劳动者,在极端大风天气下有权停止工作,平台及其合作企业负有法定义务,如果违反义务,导致其伤亡的,应承担相应的法律责任。

  “如果有外卖骑手、快递员、网约配送员在大风天气作业过程中,被风刮倒导致伤亡的,可以申请职业伤害认定或者工伤认定,由保险承担赔偿责任。”范围说。

  完善安全保障体系

  近年来,各种极端天气多发。在这样的气候条件下,新业态劳动者的权益保障以及可能出现的劳动伤害问题,更加引起社会的广泛关注。

  受访专家指出,保障新业态劳动者的安全,不是“点不点外卖”“是否及时送到货”“要不要减少非必要订单”的道德选择,而是多方协同的系统工程,比如综合运用不同的协同管理机制,通过不同的途径和方式去改善作业情况等。

  “首先要明确对于新业态劳动者的权益保障,尤其是在大风等极端天气下的保障,是平台企业及其合作方的法定义务。这在安全生产法中都有明确规定。在遵守法律的前提下,再督促企业给予他们更好的保障。”范围说,亟待制定灵活就业和新业态劳动者权益保障的专门立法,对平台企业及其合作方加强执法,对其违法行为予以严肃查处,也要优化执法方式,通过数据共享等方式予以适时监督。

  记者注意到,一些平台已经有了相关举措,比如为了确保骑手配送安全,有平台持续开展大风等异常天气防护等安全知识课程培训,向骑手推送天气预警和安全提醒;同时进行线路优化和派单保护,为骑手匹配更灵活的配送时间、缩短配送距离,提供恶劣天气补贴,开启相关情况下的免罚措施和异常申报、剔除等。

  范围建议,可以建立灵活的应急机制,根据天气预警级别自动调整新业态劳动者的工作安排,确保其人身安全。同时鼓励企业设立专项基金,为因恶劣天气无法正常工作的员工提供临时补助,减轻经济压力。

  “新业态劳动者已成为公众日常生活不可或缺的存在,保障好他们的合法权益,成为社会的普遍共识。”中国劳动关系学院法学院学术委员会主任沈建峰说,要使其合法权益始终得到保障,离不开平台的依法行事,各平台应该积极响应。短期看,可能会带来平台成本的增加,但长期来看,反而会让整体业务架构发生变化,既有利于新业态劳动者的劳动保障,也有利于提高行业人员的使用效率。(法治日报记者赵丽)新闻结尾 总裁夫人很逍遥 - 展现品牌魅力的绝佳范本!的相关文章
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