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  21世纪经济报道记者王峰北京报道 今年一季度,全国城镇调查失业率平均值为5.3%,就业形势总体稳定。3月份,全国城镇调查失业率为5.2%,比上月下降0.2个百分点,城镇调查失业率稳中略降。

  近日,劳动经济学会就业促进专业委员会联合西南财经大学、深圳信息职业技术学院等单位,举办“2025年一季度就业形势分析会暨高校毕业生就业研究与政策创新研讨会”。来自国家发展改革委、教育部、中央党校、西南财经大学、中山大学等政府机构及高校的专家学者、企业代表共探就业形势新动态,共谋人才培养新路径。

  与会专家认为,目前,我国就业市场总体走势平稳,受美国加征关税的影响尚不明显。不过,高校毕业生就业压力有所上升。3月份,全国城镇不包含在校生的16—24岁劳动力失业率比去年同期上升1.2个百分点。

  加大财政支持民营经济就业吸纳的力度

  与会专家认为,政府机关、事业单位、国有企业就业吸纳潜力有限,如何进一步激活民营经济的信心与创造性,如何进一步提升民营经济的就业吸纳力和就业吸引力,是当前推动经济高质量发展、实现高质量充分就业的关键课题。

  华南师范大学经济与管理学院教授董志强认为,制造业越现代化容纳就业越少,只有大力发展现代服务业,才能吸纳更多高学历劳动力就业。同时,政府出台任何与就业相关的政策,都应科学评估其可能对市场和社会产生的挤出效应。

  暨南大学经济与社会研究院院长冯帅章指出,一些新就业形态特别是基于云端的新就业形态,已成为高校毕业生新的热门就业选择。据他测算,当前,我国各种新就业形态吸纳就业规模总量已达到2.51亿人,其中从事网约车类、配送类、生活服务类等基于位置的灵活就业0.6亿人,从事知识服务类、媒体直播类、网络电商类等基于云端的灵活就业1.91亿人。

  中山大学副教授陈永杰认为,鼓励非典型就业虽能缓解就业总量压力,但这类岗位缺乏社会保障,暴露了制度性错配。未来要通过政策引导缓解供求矛盾与制度性障碍,通过预期管理优化就业规划与市场需求对接,构建更可持续的就业生态。

  今年3月9日,人力资源和社会保障部部长王晓萍在十四届全国人大三次会议民生主题记者会上介绍,将打好政策“组合拳”,持续推动财政、货币、产业等政策与就业政策协同发力,在扩大内需、加快建设现代化产业体系、稳外资稳外贸中创造更多高质量就业岗位。

  王晓萍还介绍,将全面落实稳岗返还、政府补贴等存量就业政策,及时储备和出台就业增量政策。去年,稳岗专项贷款余额3000多亿元,今年将进一步提高贷款额度。去年,创业担保贷款余额2700亿元,今年将继续加大力度。从今年开始,连续3年,每年补贴职业技能培训1000万人次以上。

  与会专家认为,要进一步加大政策支持力度为中小微企业赋能,促进中小微企业发展。

  专家建议,在将未能就业的高校毕业生纳入失业保障的同时,为选择民营企业就业的高校毕业生提供5年的养老、医疗、失业、工伤和生育保险。这一举措不仅可以显著提升民企就业吸引力,还有助于刺激居民消费和民间投资。以全国平均工资为基准,如果每年80%的高校毕业生入职民营企业,需缴纳“五险”1万亿元。如果全部通过发行特别国债的方式由政府承担,每年可增加家庭可支配收入3000亿元,为民营企业节省成本7000亿元,通过扩大消费和投资拉动GDP增长0.5个百分点。

  加强普通本科院校职业技能教育

  与会专家指出,根本缓解高校毕业生就业压力,需不断提升高校毕业生就业适应力。为此,必须把职业教育与技能提升放到更为重要的位置。

  中国教育科学研究院研究员孙诚指出,《教育强国建设规划纲要(2024—2035年)》明确提出构建产教融合的职业教育体系,着重强调了职业教育在服务国家发展战略方面的重要意义,为职业教育的发展提供了有力的政策支持和清晰的方向指引。

  深圳信息职业技术学院党委书记苗宁礼介绍,该校将毕业生就业作为“第一民生工程”,也作为促进教育教学质量提高的衡量标准和牵引动力,全力推动毕业生高质量充分就业。近五年,该校毕业生一半以上就职于高新技术产业、新一代信息技术产业和互联网产业,约四分之一入职行业头部及规模以上企业。

  北京交通大学经济学院教授唐代盛指出,发展新质生产力不仅有助于推动产业结构转型,还可带动就业结构的变化和收入结构的优化,是提升就业质量、促进青年充分就业的根本途径。一方面,通过实施重点产业政策发展新质生产力,可以推动受支持企业扩大产出规模、提高利润收益,进而推动企业增加劳动力雇佣数量。另一方面,发展新质生产力有助于提升企业劳动生产率,从而为改善员工薪酬待遇创造更大的空间,为不断提升就业质量创造更好的条件。

  孙诚指出,大学生应重新审视职业教育的价值,认识到其与普通教育同等重要,是实现个人价值和社会发展的重要途径。在就业市场中,职业技能愈发重要,大学生应顺应趋势,改变对职业教育的固有认知。

  与会专家建议,普通本科院校在做好理论基础教育的同时,应进一步加强毕业生的职业技能培养。课程设计方面,要加快课程内容更新,鼓励高校邀请业内领军企业参与高校课程设计,确保市场新知识、新技术、新需求能在课程内容中得到及时准确的反映。加大跨学科融合力度,人文财经类学科要适当增加数学、计算机等STEM课程的课时数。还要鼓励普通本科高校与高职院校进一步加强合作,通过资源共享、优势互补,补齐普通本科院校在职业技能培养方面的短板,同时帮助高职院校提升在理论教学方面的不足。

  来源:华尔街见闻

  分析认为,如果美国退出IMF,这将是“一个规模巨大的经济、金融和政治错误”。美国将丧失对该组织政策和运营的所有影响力。更严重的是,这将显著削弱美元的国际地位。

  特朗普上任以来“退群”动作不断,已经先后退出了《巴黎气候协定》和世界卫生组织。现在,一个严峻的问题摆在眼前:国际货币基金组织(IMF)会是下一个吗?

  曾任美国财政部负责国际事务的助理部长EdwinTruman21日在英国《金融时报》发表文章认为,如果美国真的退出IMF,这将是一个重大的自我伤害行为。意味着美国将失去在全球金融治理中的话语权与影响力。

  更为关键的是,IMF的运作大多以美元为基础,资金流入国际市场也主要以美元计价。若美国退出,美元将不得不从SDR篮子中剔除,其他主要货币如欧元,可能迎头赶上,甚至挑战美元的霸主地位。

  4月21日金融一线消息,中国银行近日发布2024年年度A股派息实施公告,2024年末期利润分配以方案实施前的该行普通股总股本294,387,791,241股为基数,每股派发现金红利0.1216元人民币(税前),共计派发现金红利357.98亿元人民币(税前);其中A股普通股股本2107.66亿股,派发A股现金红利256.29亿元人民币(税前)。

  中国银行已派发2024年中期现金红利每股0.1208元人民币(税前),连同本次末期现金红利,2024年全年现金红利为每股0.2424元(税前),全年普通股派息总额约为713.60亿元人民币(税前)。

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