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  承担“3岁以下婴幼儿照护”的托育服务,事关千家万户,是促进人口长期均衡发展的重要配套支持措施。党的二十届三中全会明确,加强普惠育幼服务体系建设。2025年政府工作报告提出,增加普惠托育服务供给。

  半月谈记者近期采访发现,当前多地普惠托育发展遭遇尴尬:一方面,许多家长有强烈的送托需求,却找不到合适托位;另一方面,不少建好的托育机构乏人问津,面临招生难题。

  “送托难”VS“吃不饱”

  最近,即将结束产假返岗的李女士正为谁带孩子发愁:“前段时间公公忽然患病做了手术,本来答应带娃的婆婆不能来了,请育儿嫂住家照料又不放心,就想着找一家托育机构。结果跑了好几家也没找到合适的,不是太远,就是太贵,有的条件太差,有的不收不到一岁的孩子。”

  想送托却找不到合适托位,成为不少家庭的烦恼。国家卫健委去年9月公布的数据显示,多地调查中超过三成的3岁以下婴幼儿家庭有送托需求,但目前全国实际入托率仅为7.86%。这意味着,相当大一部分群体的送托需求未能得到满足。

  为解决群众托育难问题,近年来我国加强托育服务体系建设,提出“十四五”完成每千人口拥有4.5个托位数的目标,各地大力投入,通过新建、改建等方式增加托位供给。但半月谈记者采访发现,不少建好的托位处于闲置状态,一些机构面临招生难题,出现“有托位没孩子,新的托育机构还在建”“国家有托位指标要求,基层建出来就闲置”“边建设边倒闭”等怪象。

  北方某地近年推行公办示范性综合托育机构县县全覆盖,促进当地普惠托育发展,但部分托育机构“招生不理想”,相关职能部门也表示“实际托位使用率不高”。

  半月谈记者在当地一家县级托育中心看到,1000多平方米的空间宽敞明亮,教室、睡眠区、就餐区、游乐区、感统训练区等设施一应俱全。负责人告诉记者,这里设置有乳儿班1个、托小班2个、托大班3个,共计100个托位,配备有老师、保育员、保健老师、厨师等。“去年10月份正式运营后一直只有八九个孩子,今年开春多了一些,也只有17个,都是托大班的。”

  南方一个县城的民办普惠托育中心负责人介绍,中心按孩子年龄不同每月收取1800元到2500元不等的费用,同时享受政府每孩每月300元的补贴,“中心设置托位100多个,但现在只有60个孩子,政府补贴也没有完全到位,维持经营较为困难”。

  当地卫健委部门负责人介绍,全县目前每千人口托位数只达到3.5个,离国家要求的每千人口4.5个还有一定差距。但目前不是托位数不够,而是现有托位的使用率不足,全县1086个托位目前仅收托451人,使用率不到50%。

  不仅如此,当地托育机构数量一直在减少。“招不来孩子,成本又高,托育机构经营困难,已经从前几年的7家减少到现在的4家。”这位负责人说,现在又有两家计划不再招生,近年来累计关停减少的托位数量大约有300个。

  “供需错配”暴露三大问题

  半月谈记者了解到,“家庭送托难”与“机构招生难”并存,暴露出当前托位供给力度虽大,但有效性有待进一步提升的问题。

  ——重建园盖楼轻专业服务,难获家长信任。

  多位受访家长谈到,机构老师素质不高、机构卫生环境差、喂养照护不专业、安全管理存在漏洞等,都是“不敢托”的重要原因。一位妈妈说,送托时已经告知托育园,孩子对鸡蛋过敏,结果托育园还是在孩子的食物里加了鸡蛋,十分揪心。去年11月,贵州还曾曝出一起托育机构的保育员虐待幼儿事件,引发公众广泛关注。

  山西太原市托育行业协会秘书长张帆说,由于托育行业发展仍在起步阶段,面临专业人才不足、人才培养体系不完善、行业标准不健全等问题,托育服务品质需进一步提升。

  有专家表示,当前托育投入存在重硬件建设、轻软件服务的倾向,侧重建园盖楼,但在玩教具配备、师资培训、园所管理等方面投入较少;对托育的监管较为薄弱,机构备案率较低、跨部门监管机制不健全、处罚规定不明晰,行业质量安全存在隐患。

  ——片面追求“完成指标”,托育有效供给不足。

  有基层干部告诉半月谈记者,上面下千人口托位数这个指标的时候,考虑的不是哪里需要、需要多少,而是看哪里好完成指标,这样就会带来“需要的地方没有建,建成的地方用不上”的资源错配问题。

  民进江西省委会副主委刘菊娇曾在全国多地考察托育机构建设情况。她介绍,目前对托育机构的规划和布局不合理,有的小区周边托育机构多到可以“货比三家”,有的小区特别是老城区周边却是“一位难求”。有职能部门干部谈到,托育机构在短短五六年间发展起来,主要靠市场力量推动,资源布局不均衡,存在供需结构矛盾。

  ——孩子入托花费大人一半收入,普通家庭负担难。

  受访干部群众反映,当前托育价格仍然较高,即便是普惠园的价格,也离百姓期待有距离。国家卫健委公布数据显示,我国近九成托育机构是民办机构,平均收费价格(不包括餐费)为每孩每月1978元,一线城市在5500元以上,而我国居民人均可支配收入月均仅3442元,这意味着一个孩子的送托费用要占到一个大人一半以上的收入,这对普通家庭来说仍然是较大的负担。

  当前一些地方政府通过提供场地、减免房租、发放运营补助等方式降低普惠托育服务价格,但可持续性受到质疑。一些参与普惠项目的运营方表示,托育机构本身能盈利的就不多,如果要普惠限价,必须有足够多的补贴,但政府补贴往往不足以覆盖机构降价成本,导致运营无法持续。一些地方还出现了机构加入普惠项目一年后即申请退出的情况。

  让群众“愿意托”“方便托”“托得起”

  相关人士指出,针对托育供需不匹配的现状,应当进一步提升托育服务质量,加强规划引导合理布局,加大对普惠托育服务的支持力度,让群众“愿意托”“方便托”“托得起”。

  首先,加大对普惠托育服务的支持力度。中国人口与发展研究中心副研究员史毅表示,价格是入托率不高的重要因素,一旦价格降下来,会有更多家庭愿意尝试托育服务,现有普惠托育支持措施力度较小、覆盖范围较窄,应当进一步加大财政投入,强化对普惠托育服务的支持,包括加快托位建设提高公建托位占比、研究健全普惠托育服务价格形成机制、结合地方实际加大对普惠性托育机构的运营补助力度等。

  其次,加强规划引导优化托育服务布局。受访专家群众认为,托育服务的就近、可及十分关键,要加强需求研判,科学规划布点,优化托育服务布局,让供需相匹配、相衔接。特别是要大力发展社区托育服务,落实新建住宅小区与配套托育服务设施同步规划、同步建设、同步验收、同步交付“四同步”要求,在既有居住区中,通过购买、置换、租赁等方式挖掘社区空余场所,补充托育服务设施,为群众提供送托便利。

  最后,提升托育服务质量,强化综合监管。刘菊娇等受访人士表示,要积极推动托育服务法立法,完善配套措施,明晰各方责任和义务,健全托育服务标准和规范,加快完善托育人才培育体系,加强对托育机构服务管理、人员资质、卫生保健、消防安全、应急能力等方面的常态化监管,持续提升托育机构专业化、规范化水平,满足家长对专业科学、质量可靠的托育服务的需求。

  半月谈记者:马晓媛李劲峰马晓洁

  原标题《100个托位只招到17个孩子普惠托育遭遇“供需错配”尴尬》

  (半月谈微信公众号)

  4月19日,四川省雅安市荥经县新添镇,古道长街宴新添驿站开席。160多张方桌首尾相连贯穿400余米的老街,游客和老街居民坐满一千个席位,大家欢聚一堂,同品充满荥经当地特色的“五盘四碗”。

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